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The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.
Events
1210
By area
Asia
- Emperor Juntoku succeeds Emperor Tsuchimikado, on the throne of Japan.
- Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz.
Europe
- May – The Second Parliament of Ravennika is held at Ravennika in Central Greece, resulting in a concordat between the princes of Frankish Greece and the Roman Catholic clergy.
- July 18 – Battle of Gestilren: Former king Sverker II of Sweden is defeated and killed, by the reigning king Erik X.
- November 18 – Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III, for invading southern Italy in defiance of the Concordat of Worms.
- November 21 – King Eric X of Sweden is crowned, which is the first known coronation of a Swedish king. Shortly thereafter, he marries the Danish princess Richeza, in order to strengthen his relationship to the Danish king Valdemar the Conqueror. Valdemar used to support King Sverker II, but through the marriage, Valdemar makes peace with his former enemy, Eric.
- King John I of England raises £100,000 from church property as an extraordinary fiscal levy; the operation is described as an “inestimable and incomparable exaction” by contemporary sources.[1]
- Livonian Crusade – Battle of Ümera: Estonian forces defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
- The citadel of the Acrocorinth in Greece surrenders to the Crusaders, after a five-year siege.
By topic
Arts and culture
- Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan (approximate date).
- 1210–1211 – Shazi creates the Pen Box, from Persia (Iran) or Afghanistan (it is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.).
Nature
- September 24 – Venus occults Jupiter (the last such occurrence until 1570).
Religion
- Pope Innocent III gives oral permission to Francis of Assisi, to begin the Order of Friars Minor.
- The church of St Helen's Bishopsgate in the City of London is founded, as a priory of Benedictine nuns.
1211
- April 21 – Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (begun in the 11th century) is consecrated, in the presence of King Alfonso IX of León.
- 25 June – Battle of Delhi: Shams ud-Din Iltutmish defeats Aram Shah, becomes the third Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
- September 14 – The Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross are founded in Liège.
- October 15 – Battle of the Rhyndacus: Latin emperor Henry of Flanders defeats the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Lascaris.
- Livonian Crusade: Battles of Viljandi and Turaida – The Crusaders fail to conquer the Viljandi stronghold, but manage to baptize Sakala and Ugandi counties in southern Estonia.
- Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invade the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty of northern China, aiming at this stage simply to loot the countryside. A Jin army is defeated and slaughtered at the Battle of Yehuling near Zhangjiakou, and another is beaten at Mukden, where the city is taken. Zhongdu is also besieged by the Mongol hordes.
- Byzantine–Seljuq wars: Battle of Antioch on the Meander in Anatolia – Forces of the Empire of Nicaea under Theodore I Laskaris defeat those of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm whose leader, Kaykhusraw I, is killed on the battlefield.
- The church in the French city of Reims burns down; soon after, construction begins on Reims Cathedral.
- King John of England sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire, despite his status as an excommunicant.[2]
- The oldest extant double-entry bookkeeping system record dates from this year.
1212
- July 10 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground; over 3,000 people die, many of them by drowning in the Thames. According to a contemporary account, "An awful fire broke out on the Southwark side of Lond. Bridge; and by some means, while it was raging, a fire broke out at the other end also, and so hemmed in the numerous crowds who had assembled to help the distressed. The sufferers, to avoid the flames, threw themselves over the bridge into boats and barges; but many of these sunk, the people crowding into them.".[3]
- July 16 – Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: The Christian kingdoms of Spain decisively defeat the Almohads, and the victory leaves the Kingdom of Castile in a difficult financial position, as numerous soldiers have to be paid by the treasury.[4]
- The Children's Crusade for the Holy Land is organised. There are probably two separate movements of young people, both led by shepherd boys, neither of which embark from Europe, but both of which suffer considerable hardship:[5]
- December – Frederick II of Hohenstaufen is crowned King of Germany, with the support of Pope Innocent III.
- The contemplative Order of Poor Clares is founded by Clare of Assisi.
- In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the Hōjōki, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose.
- Bran Castle is erected by the Teutonic Knights, in the Southern Carpathians (present day Romania).
- John of England impounds the revenue of all prelates appointed by bishops who had deserted him at his excommunication. He remains on good terms, however, with churchmen who stood by him, including Abbot Sampson, who this year bequeaths John his jewels.[6]
- The Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa is begun. It is a trophy of Ferdinand III of Castile, and will end up in the Museo de Telas Medievales.
1213
- May 15 – King John of England submits to Pope Innocent III, who in turn lifts the interdict of 1208.[7][8]
- May 30 – Battle of Damme: The English fleet under William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, destroys a French fleet off the Belgian port, in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy.[9][10]
- September 12 – Battle of Muret: The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon are defeated by the Albigensian Crusade, under Simon de Montfort.[11][12]
- Jin China is overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.[13][14]
- Pope Innocent III issues a charter, calling for the Fifth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem.[15][16][17]
1214
By area
Asia
- November 1 – Siege of Sinope: The Black Sea port city of Sinope surrenders to the Seljuq Turks.
- The Emperor Xuanzong of Jin China surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who have besieged Beijing for a year. He pays a huge ransom and then abandons northern China, heading for Kaifeng.
- In his campaigns in Liaodong, the Mongol general Mukhali commands a newly formed Khitan–Chinese army, and a special corps of 12,000 Chinese auxiliary troops.
Europe
- February 15 – John, King of England, lands an invasion force at La Rochelle in France.[18]
- July 27 – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France defeats an army of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Kingdom of France, ending the Anglo-French War (1213–14).[18]
- Summer – King Alfonso VIII of Castile besieges Almohad troops in Baeza. The famine experienced in the peninsula is such that neither army is able to fight.
- September 18 – The Treaty of Chinon is signed by John, King of England, and Philip II of France, recognising the Capetian gains from the Angevin Empire.[18]
- October 5 – Upon the death of their father, King Alfonso VIII of Castile, and of their mother, Eleanor (October 31), Berenguela becomes the regent of her young brother, King Henry I.[4]
- December 4 – William the Lion, King of the Scots, dies, having reigned since 1165; he is succeeded by his son, Alexander II (crowned at Scone on December 6), who will reign until his death in 1249.
- The German city of Bielefeld is founded.
By topic
Education
- June 20 – A papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the University of Oxford.[18]
Religion
- April 13 (approx.) – Simon of Apulia is elected Bishop of Exeter in England.
- According to Catholic Church tradition, the rosary is given to Saint Dominic by Mary (mother of Jesus).
1215
- March 4 – King John of England makes an oath to Pope Innocent III as a crusader, to gain his support.
- May 31 – Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: After the long Battle of Zhongdu, Genghis Khan's Mongols capture and torch Beijing (the city burns for more than a month).
- June 15 – King John of England is forced, by rebellious barons of England at Runnymede, to put the Great Seal of the Realm on a set of articles confirming their rights and those of the towns and Church, and confirming the status of trial by jury,[19] which on June 19 is confirmed as Magna Carta.
- August – King John of England rejects Magna Carta, leading to the First Barons' War.
- August 24 – Pope Innocent III declares Magna Carta invalid.
- November 11 – The Fourth Council of the Lateran gathers in Rome under Pope Innocent III, who adopts the title "Vicar of Christ".
- December – First Barons' War: Alexander II of Scotland invades northern England.[18]
- Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as Emperor and King of Burgundy, replaced by Frederick II (King of the Romans 1212–1250).
- The Dominican Order is founded, according to some sources.
- Bhiksu Ananda of Kapitanagar completes writing the holy Buddhist book Arya Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita (sutra), in gold ink in Ranjana script.
- 1215–1216 – The Macy Jug, from Iran, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
- Kalinga Magha, from Kalinga Province in India, lands in Sri Lanka with a force of 24,000 men, to capture the city of Polonnaruwa and depose its king, Parakrama Pandya.
1216
By area
Europe
- January – First Barons' War: The English army sacks Berwick-on-Tweed, and raids southern Scotland.[18]
- April 10 – Upon the death of Erik Knutsson, he is succeeded by his rival Johan Sverkersson, as king of Sweden.
- April 22 – Battle of Lipitsa: Mstislav the Daring and Konstantin of Rostov defeat their rivals for the rule of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal.
- May 21 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. Entering London without opposition, he is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral.[18]
- July 24 – The French Albigensian Crusaders of the castle of Beaucaire surrender to Raymond, future count of Toulouse.[20]
- October 18 or 19 – John, King of England, dies at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire; he is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry, with William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, as regent. The young Henry III of England is crowned at Gloucester on October 28.[19]
- November 12 – William Marshal and the papal legate to England, Guala Bicchieri, issue a Charter of Liberties, based on Magna Carta, in the new King of England's name.[19][21]
- Dresden receives city rights.
- In England, Roger of Wendover begins to cover contemporary events, in his continuation of the chronicle Flores Historiarum.
By topic
Religion
- July 24 – Pope Honorius III succeeds Pope Innocent III, as the 177th pope.
- December 22 – Pope Honorius III officially approves the Order of Preachers (the Dominican Order), by the Papal bull Religiosam vitam.
- Ballintubber Abbey is founded by King Cathal Crovdearg O'Connor of Connaught, in Ireland.
1217
By area
Asia
- Mukhali returns to Genghis Khan's camp in Mongolia, and receives the hereditary title of prince, a golden seal, and a white standard with nine tails and a black crescent in the middle. He is appointed commander in chief of operations in North China.
- The Fifth Crusade reaches the Holy Land.
Europe
- April 9 – Peter II of Courtenay is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III.
- May 20 – First Barons' War in England: Occupying French forces are defeated at the Battle of Lincoln, by English royal troops led by William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke,[18] and survivors are forced to flee south.
- June 6 – King Henry I of Castile dies aged 13, from the fall of a roof tile in Palencia, an event which his regent, Álvaro Núñez de Lara, attempts to conceal. Henry's sister Berengaria succeeds to the throne.
- June – Haakon Haakonsson becomes King Haakon IV of Norway, following the death of Inge II, and largely ends the civil war era in Norway, reigning until 1263.
- August 24 – First Barons' War: In the Battle of Sandwich in the English Channel, English forces destroy the French, and the French mercenary Eustace the Monk is captured and beheaded.
- August 31 – Ferdinand becomes King of Castile, upon the abdication of his mother Berengaria.
- September 12 – The First Barons' War in England is ended by the Treaty of Kingston upon Thames; The French and Scots are to leave England, and an amnesty is granted to rebels.[18]
- September 20 – The Treaty of Lambeth is signed, ratifying the Treaty of Kingston.
- September 21 – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and allied Livs and Letts defeat the Estonian army in the Battle of St. Matthew's Day, and kill their leader Lembitu.
- October 18 – Fifth Crusade, Reconquista: Alcácer do Sal is reconquered by the troops of King Afonso II of Portugal.[22]
- November – In the Kingdom of Castile, former regent Álvaro Núñez de Lara is captured, and forced to relinquish all his castles.[4]
- Stefan Nemanjić is elevated to be the first King of the Serbian lands by Pope Honorius III, and crowned by Stefan's brother, Archimandrite Sava, in Žiča.
- A decree made in England establishes that only Englishmen can be clergy of Ireland.
1218
By area
Africa
- August 31 – Al-Kamil becomes the new Egyptian Sultan, on the death of his father Al-Adil.
Asia
- May 24 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.
- May 30 – Damietta is besieged by the knights of the Fifth Crusade.
- Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes Udaijin of Japan.
- The Kara-Khitan Khanate is destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry.
- Genghis Khan's Mongols, under the leadership of his eldest son Jochi, conduct a second campaign against the Kyrgyz.
- Genghis Khan proposes to the Khwarazm shah of Persia that he accept Mongol overlordship, and establish trade relations.
Europe
- March – The Treaty of Worcester recognises Llywelyn the Great as regent of south Wales.[23]
- July – Spain: In order to facilitate the movement of Reconquista, Pope Honorius III reverses Innocent III’s earlier judgement, and declares Ferdinand III of Castile legitimate heir to the Kingdom of Leon.[4]
By topic
Education
- Alfonso IX of León grants a royal charter to the University of Salamanca.
Markets
- The northern French city of Rheims emits the first recorded public life annuity in medieval Europe. Theretofore, this type of instrument had been mostly issued by religious institutions. The emission by Rheims is the first evidence of a consolidation of public debt that is to become common in the Langue d'Oïl, the Low Countries and Germany.[24]
Religion
1219
By area
Africa
- November 5 – Fifth Crusade: Damietta, Egypt falls to the Crusaders after a siege.
- Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade
- The Egyptian city of Al Mansurah is founded.
Asia
- By letter, Genghis Khan summons Qiu Chuji (Chongchan) to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the Philosopher's Stone).
- In Japan, The Hōjō clan, vassals of the shōgun, reduce him to a figurehead.
- The Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia begins with the Mongols attacking Otrar. The Governor of the city, Inalchuq, who oversaw the execution of an earlier Mongol caravan, is captured and executed.
Europe
- June 15 – Livonian Crusade: Danish crusaders, led by King Valdemar II, conquer Tallinn in the Battle of Lyndanisse. What is to become the flag of Denmark (Dannebrog) allegedly falls from the sky during that battle. Their stronghold in Tallinn will help the Danes conquer the entirety of northern Estonia.
- Twenty-four Lithuanian dukes and nobles purportedly sign a peace treaty with Halych-Volhynia, stating a common cause against invading Christian Crusaders.[25]
- The Serbian Orthodox Church becomes autocephalous.
- Upon the death of Aymeric of Saint Maur, Alan Marcell becomes master of the Knights Templar in England.[26]
- The East Frisian island of Burchana is broken up in a North Sea flood.
By topic
Technology
- The windmill is first introduced to China, with the travels of Yelü Chucai to Transoxiana.
- Mina'i ware pottery production in Persia ceases as a result of the Mongol conquest.
Significant people
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Births
1210
- May 5 – King Afonso III of Portugal (d. 1279)
- June 24 – Count Floris IV of Holland (d. 1234)
- July 22 – Joan of England, Queen of Scotland, spouse of Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1238)[27]
1211
- September 22 – Ibn Khallikan, Kurdish Muslim scholar (d. 1282)
- date unknown – Shinnyo, Japanese Buddhist nun
- probable
- William of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (d. 1278)
- Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark (d. 1231)
1212
- March 22 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (d. 1234)
- Isabella II of Jerusalem (d. 1228)
- Malatesta da Verucchio, Italian condottiero, founder of the Malatesta family (d. 1312)
- Zita, patron saint of maids and domestic servants (d. 1272)
- Maria of Chernigov, princess regent of Rostov and chronicler (d. 1271)
1213
- March 9 – Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (d. 1271)[28]
- June 10 – Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi, Persian philosopher and Sufi mystic[29][30]
- Ibn al-Nafis, polymath (d. 1288)[31]
- Hethum I, King of Armenia, ruler of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (d. 1270)
1214
- April 25 – King Louis IX of France (d. 1270)[32]
- Isabella of England, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of the Germans, and Queen consort of Sicily (d. 1241)
- Approximate date – Roger Bacon, English philosopher and scientist (d. c. 1292)
1215
- September 23 – Kublai Khan, 6th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and Genghis Khan's grandson, founder of the Yuan dynasty (d. 1294)
- date unknown
- Pope Celestine V (d. 1296)
- David VII Ulu, King of Georgia (d. 1270)
- approximately – Douceline of Digne, French beguin (d. 1274)
- possible – Pope John XXI (d. 1277)
1216
- Eric IV of Denmark (d. 1250)
- Henry V of Luxembourg (d. 1281)
- Robert I of Artois, Count of Artois (d. 1250)
- Safi al-Din al-Urmawi, musician and theorist (d. 1296)
- Zahed Gilani, Grand Master of the Zahediyeh Sufi Order (d. 1301)
1217
- May 3 – Henry I of Cyprus
- date unknown
- Baldwin, Latin Emperor of Constantinople (d. 1273)
- Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad, Arab historian (d. 1285)
- probable
1218
- February 12 – Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shōgun (d. 1256)
- May 1
- John I, Count of Hainaut (d. 1257)
- Rudolf I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1291)
- October 30 – Emperor Chūkyō of Japan (d. 1234)
- date unknown
- Abel, King of Denmark (d. 1252)
- Yolande of Brittany, Breton countess, French regent (d. 1272)
- Sir Maurice de Berkeley, English knight (d. 1281)
- approximate
- Marie de Coucy, French-born queen consort of Scotland (d. 1285)
- Hulagu Khan, Mongol ruler of Persia (d. 1265)
- Irene Komnene Palaiologina, member of the Byzantine imperial family and nun (d. 1284)
1219
- Christopher I of Denmark (d. 1259)
- Guillaume de Gisors, Grand Master of the fictional Priory of Sion (d. 1307)
- Ariq Boke, the youngest son of Tolui and the 5th Khagan of the Mongol Empire (d. 1266)
Deaths
1210
- March 29 – Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Persian polymath, (b. 1150)
- July 17 – Sverker the Younger, king of Sweden 1196–1208 (b. in the 1160s) (in the Battle of Gestilren)
- date unknown
- Aonghus mac Somhairle, Norse-Gaelic chieftain
- Jinul, Korean Buddhist philosopher
- Halldóra Eyjólfsdóttir, Icelandic abbess
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak, first Muslim ruler of Delhi
- Maud de Braose, English noblewoman (b. 1155)
1211
- June – Kaykhusraw I, Seljuk Sultan of Rûm (killed in battle)
- August 9 – William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, exiled Anglo-Norman baron (b. 1144/53)
- August 18 – Narapatisithu, king of Burma (b. 1150)
- December 14 – Princess Shōshi of Japan (b. 1195)
1212
- February 29 – Hōnen, founder of Jodo Shu, a branch of Pure Land Buddhism (b. 1133)
- April 12 – Vsevolod the Big Nest, Grand Prince of Vladimir (b. 1154)
- April/May – Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem (b. 1192; post-natal complications)
- July 16 – William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale
- August 26 – Michael IV, Patriarch of Constantinople
- October 9 – Philip I of Namur, Marquis of Namur (b. 1175)
- November 4 – Felix of Valois, French saint (b. 1127)
- December 5 – Dirk van Are, bishop and lord of Utrecht
- December 12 – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (b. 1152)
- date unknown
- Peter de Preaux, Norman knight in the service of the Angevin kings of England
- Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (b. 1156)
- Robert of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bangor
1213
- January 18 – Queen Tamar of Georgia (b. c. 1160)[33][34]
- April 13 – Guy of Thouars, regent of Brittany[35][36][37]
- April 21 – Maria of Montpellier, Lady of Montpellier, Queen of Aragon (b. 1182)[38][39]
- September 12 – King Peter II of Aragon (killed in battle) (b. 1174)[40][41]
- September 28 – Gertrude of Merania, queen consort regent of Hungary (murdered) (b. 1185)[42][43][44]
- October 10 – Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine[45]
- October 14 – Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex[46][47]
- Sharafeddin Tusi, Persian mathematician (b. 1135)[48][49][50]
1214
- September 14 – Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (b. 1149)
- October 5 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (b. 1155)
- October 31 – Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile (b. 1162)
- December 4 – William the Lion, King of the Scots (b. c. 1142)
- October 18 – John de Gray, bishop of Norwich
- date unknown
- Rurik Rostislavich, Prince of Novgorod
- Steksys, Grand Prince of Lithuania
1215
- February 3 (or February 4) – Eustace, Bishop of Ely and former Lord Chancellor of England
- July 2 – Eisai, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 1141)
- September 1 – Otto, bishop of Utrecht
- December 21 – Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid, Dāʿī al-Muṭlaq of Tayyibi Isma'ilism (b. c. 1128)[51]
- date unknown – Bertran de Born, French soldier and troubadour
- Esclarmonde of Foix, French Cathar
- approximately – Margaret of Beverley, Christian pilgrim (b. c. 1150)
1216
- January 31 – Theodore II Eirenikos, Patriarch of Constantinople
- April 10 – Eric X of Sweden (b. 1180)
- June 11 – Henry of Flanders, emperor of the Latin Empire (poisoned) (b. c. 1174)
- July 16 – Pope Innocent III
- October 19 – John of England (b. 1166)
- Ida, Countess of Boulogne, French ruler (b. c. 1160)
- Kamo no Chōmei, Japanese author (b. 1155)
1217
- April 23 – King Inge II of Norway (b. 1185)
- April 25 – Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia
- June 6 – Henry I, king of Castile (b. 1204)
- August 24 – Eustace the Monk, French mercenary and pirate (b. c.1170)
- September 10 – William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon, English nobleman
- September 21 – Lembitu of Lehola, Estonian resistance leader and Caupo of Turaida, Livonian leader (at the Battle of St. Matthew's Day)
- October 14 – Isabella, Countess of Gloucester, spouse of King John of England (b. c.1173)
- Maria Comnena, Queen consort of Jerusalem, spouse of Amalric I of Jerusalem (b. c.1154) (latest possible date of death)
1218
- January 10 – Hugh I of Cyprus
- February 2 – Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1186)
- February 18 – Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen (b. 1160)
- May 19 – Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
- June 25 – Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, French crusader (b. 1160)
- July 6 – Odo III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1166)
- November 12 – Henry de Abergavenny, Prior of Abergavenny and Bishop of Llandaff
- December 28 – Robert II, Count of Dreux (b. 1154)
- date unknown
- Al-Adil I, Egyptian general and ruler, Sultan of Egypt, Syria and northern Mesopotamia (b. 1145)
- Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford, English politician (b. 1162)
- Jayavarman VII, ruler of the Khmer Empire (b. 1125)
- approximate date – Umadevi, Indian queen and general (b. 1150)
1219
- February 13 – Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shōgun (b. 1192)
- May 2 (or May 5) – King Leo II of Armenia (b. 1150)
- May 14 – William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (b. 1146)
- June 17 – David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon (b.c. 1143)
- August – Yolanda of Flanders, Latin Empress regent of Constantinople (b. 1175)
- November 3 – Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, English baron and rebel (born c. 1170)
- Raymond-Roupen of Antioch (b. 1199)
- John de Courcy, knight and Earl of Ulster (b. 1160)
- Peter II of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople
- Inalchuq, Governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar.
References
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- ^ Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 172.
- ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p26
- ^ a b c d Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
- ^ Bridge, Antony (1980). The Crusades. London: Granada Publishing. ISBN 0-531-09872-9.
- ^ Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 169–172.
- ^ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary. The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. xxix. ISBN 9780313308178.
- ^ Moore, John Clare (2003). Pope Innocent 3rd 1160/61-1216: To Root Up and to Plant. The Medieval Mediterranean. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 212–214. ISBN 9789004129252.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Volume I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 269. ISBN 9781851096725.
- ^ Poole, Austin Lane (1993). From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 459–461. ISBN 9780192852878.
- ^ de Puylaurens, Guillaume (2003). The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 9780851159256.
- ^ Brooks, Constantina E. (June–November 1872). "The Battle of Muret, A.D. 1213". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. XLV: 449.
- ^ Bennett, Matthew (1998). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare. Chicago, London: Taylor & Francis. p. 73. ISBN 9781579581169.
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