2007 Philippine Senate election

2007 Philippine Senate election

← 2004 May 14, 2007 2010 →

12 (of the 24) seats in the Senate of the Philippines
13 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party
 
Leader Manny Villar Edgardo Angara
Party Nacionalista LDP
Alliance GO TEAM Unity
Seats won 7 2
Popular vote 136,799,604 98,561,785
Percentage 50.92% 36.69%

Senate President before election

Manny Villar
Nacionalista

Elected Senate President

Manny Villar
Nacionalista

The 2007 election of members to the Senate of the Philippines was the 29th election to the Senate of the Philippines. It was held on Monday, May 14, 2007, to elect 12 of the 24 seats in the Senate. Together with those elected in 2004, they will comprise the 14th Congress via plurality-at-large voting. The senators elected in 2004 will serve until June 30, 2010, while the senators elected in this election will serve up to June 30, 2013. The elections to the House of Representatives as well as local elections occurred on the same date. The Philippines uses plurality-at-large voting for seats in the Senate.

In the election, the opposition-backed alliance called the Genuine Opposition (GO) defeated the administration-led alliance TEAM Unity by winning seven of the twelve seats in the Senate. For the first time in Philippine history, Antonio Trillanes was elected as a senator while currently detained for mutiny and rebellion charges. Almost the incumbents running for reelection won except for Ralph Recto who was at fourteenth place.

An electoral protest of GO's Koko Pimentel, the 13th placed candidate, against TEAM Unity's Migz Zubiri, the 12th place candidate, resulted in Zubiri's resignation in the Senate, and the Senate Electoral Tribunal's decision to replace Pimentel with Zubiri. This led to GO winning 8 seats, the biggest win by the opposition in the Senate election history since 1951, notwithstanding 2 other opposition candidates won, and only 2 administration candidates won.

Official candidates

On March 19, 2007, COMELEC released Resolution No.7832 which finalized and approved the official candidates for the senatorial election. On March 29, 2007, COMELEC certified 37 Senatorial Candidates.

Background

COMELEC issues

The Old COMELEC Building after being razed by fire on March 11, 2007.

On March 11, 2007, the Old COMELEC Building in Intramuros, Manila was burned by a blazing fire ruining several ballot boxes and pending election protests. The Genuine Opposition considered the fire as political act which ended in burning of several election protests and contested ballot boxes. Investigators found out that instead of arson, it was the generator of the building which caused and since the building was built with tar and wood it would easily razed by fire. The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) faced scrutiny because of the fire that hit its old building on March 11 resulting in speculations of conspiracies to cheat on the May 14 elections. The COMELEC was also lambasted for publishing on the internet the names, addresses and details of registered voters.

The Aquino issue

Three people with the name Aquino filed their candidacies (Benigno Aquino III, Tessie Aquino-Oreta and Theodore Aquino), and there was confusion as to who is credited with a vote if someone wrote only "Aquino" on the ballot. Since Theodore Aquino was disqualified because he had dual citizenship and former Sen. Tessie Aquino-Oreta has the last name Oreta, COMELEC ruled that all votes with only the name Aquino would go to Tarlac Rep. Benigno Aquino III. All three Aquinos are related to each other.

The Cayetano issue

The matter was the same as the Aquino issue. Representative Alan Peter Cayetano (Taguig-Pateros) found out that a certain Joselito Cayetano belonging to the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) filed his candidacy with the nickname "Peter" which was really "Jojo". Alan therefore filed a disqualification case (SPA 07-019) against Jojo. Jojo was declared a nuisance candidate by the COMELEC resolution on March 27, 2007.

Jojo then filed for a motion for reconsideration which was eventually rejected on May 11, 2007, but COMELEC did not remove his name from the Official List of Senatorial Candidates and ruled on May 12, 2007, that all votes with only the name "CAYETANO" will be stray votes (discarded) and therefore not counted to either the candidates until Supreme Court resolved the matter. The COMELEC said that Jojo could file a motion for reconsideration at the Supreme Court within five days.

Coalitions and party groupings

TEAM Unity

TEAM (Together Everyone Achieves More) Unity was the administration-backed coalition composed mostly of supporters and erstwhile critics of then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. TEAM Unity sought to take several Senate seats in order to ensure the passage of President Arroyo's legislative programs and also to protect her from any impeachment attempts by the political opposition after the midterm elections. This coalition is composed by different major political parties including Lakas—Christian Muslim Democrats, Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino, Nationalist People's Coalition, Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, and Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas. The coalition's campaign team was headed by veteran political strategist Reli German as campaign manager, together with Tourism Secretary Ace Durano as spokesperson and Ike Rodriguez as campaign director. TEAM Unity held their proclamation rally at the Cebu Coliseum on February 17, 2007.

Genuine Opposition

Genuine Opposition (GO) was the main opposition-backed coalition of the parties' senatorial line-up for the elections, which was in opposition to President Arroyo. It was originally called the "United Opposition" (UNO), created by opposition stalwart and Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay in June 2005 to unite all politicians who sought to impeach President Arroyo. UNO then reorganized itself and changed its name to Grand and Broad Coalition (GBC), with the UNO party under that coalition. On February 15, 2007, the group changed its name again to Genuine Opposition after a meeting with Senate President Manny Villar in his office in Las Piñas.

Campaign

Candidates made use of different campaign platforms to win. Prospero Pichay Jr., Manny Villar, Mike Defensor, and Loren Legarda had been very visible in TV ads. Francis Pangilinan preferred to run as an independent and decided not to participate in sorties and campaign of the Genuine Opposition, even though he was initially drafted as a guest candidate. Teresa Aquino-Oreta had raised different reactions in her TV ad campaign asking the people's forgiveness being the “dancing queen” during the impeachment of deposed President Joseph Estrada. Some candidates like Francis Escudero, Vicente Magsaysay, Francis Pangilinan, Joker Arroyo, Antonio Trillanes and Koko Pimentel made use of the internet by joining networks sites like Friendster; making or updating Wikipedia entries, establishing blogs and websites and airing the commercials on YouTube.

Candidates

Other tickets

Retiring and term-limited incumbents

At this point in time, two senators are voluntarily retiring from the Senate at the end of their current term. As well four senators are term-limited by the Constitution of the Philippines after serving two consecutive terms. There was one vacancy left in the outgoing Senate as Noli de Castro (Independent) was elected as vice-president in 2004.

  1. Franklin Drilon (Liberal): Term-limited in 2007, ran in 2010 and won
  2. Loi Ejercito (PMP): Did not run in 2007, Retiring from politics
  3. Juan Flavier (Lakas): Retiring from politics
  4. Alfredo Lim (PMP): Ran for Mayor of Manila and won
  5. Ramon Magsaysay Jr. (Lakas): Term-limited in 2007, ran in 2013 and lost
  6. Serge Osmeña (PDP–Laban): Term-limited in 2007, campaigned for the Genuine Opposition, ran in 2010 and won

Opinion polls

Opinion polling (locally known as "surveys") is carried out by two major polling firms: Social Weather Stations (SWS), and Pulse Asia, with a handful of minor polling firms. A typical poll asks a voter to name twelve persons one would vote for in the senate election.

Winning candidates

Pollster Pulse Asia SWS Pulse Asia SWS Pulse Asia SWS SWS
Date(s) administered January 25–28, 2007 February 22–27, 2007 February 26–March 5, 2007 March 15–18, 2007 April 3–5, 2007 April 14–17, 2007 May 2–4, 2007
Sample size 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200
Margin of error ±3.0% ±3.0% ±3.0% ±3.0% ±3.0% ±3.0% ±3.0%
Candidates (Party; ticket) 1    Legarda (NPC; GO), 46.6%    Pangilinan (LP; Ind), 57%    Legarda (NPC; GO), 56.8%    Legarda (NPC; GO), 58%    Legarda (NPC; GO), 56.8%    Legarda (NPC; GO), 58%    Legarda (NPC; GO), 59%
2    Lacson (UNO; GO), 34.6%
   Pangilinan (LP; Ind), 34.6%
   Legarda (NPC; GO), 54%    Lacson (UNO; GO), 41.1%    Villar (NP; GO), 57%    Escudero (NPC; GO), 47.2%    Villar (NP; GO), 45%    Villar (NP; GO), 46%
3    Villar (NP; GO), 52%    Pangilinan (LP; Ind), 39.4%    Pangilinan (LP; Ind), 48%    Villar (NP; GO), 47.0%    Escudero (NPC; GO), 41%
   Lacson (UNO; GO), 41%
   Escudero (NPC; GO), 43%
4    Cayetano (NP; GO), 31.7%    Cayetano (NP; GO), 43%    Escudero (NPC; GO), 35.5%    Lacson (UNO; GO), 42%    Lacson (UNO; GO), 43.9%    Pangilinan (LP; Ind), 41%
5    Sotto (NPC; TU), 28.8%    Lacson (UNO; GO), 42%    Recto (Lakas; TU), 35.2%    Escudero (NPC; GO), 40%    Pangilinan (LP; Ind), 38.8%    Pangilinan (LP; Ind), 39%    Lacson (UNO; GO), 39%
6    Villar (NP; GO), 26.4%    Recto (Lakas; TU), 37%    Villar (NP; GO), 35.0%    Cayetano (NP; GO), 39%    Cayetano (NP; GO), 38.2%    Recto (Lakas; TU), 36%    Recto (Lakas; TU), 36%
   Aquino (LP; GO), 36%
7    Recto (Lakas; TU), 26.0%    Escudero (NPC; GO), 36%    Arroyo (KAMPI; TU), 34.5%    Recto (Lakas; TU), 37%    Honasan (Ind; Ind), 35.7%    Angara (LDP; TU), 35%
8    Arroyo (KAMPI; TU), 25.8%    Sotto (NPC; TU), 31%    Aquino (LP; GO), 34.2%    Angara (LDP; TU), 32%    Aquino (LP; GO), 35.5%    Arroyo (KAMPI; TU), 32%    Cayetano (NP; GO), 34%
9    Ejercito (PMP; GO), 25.7%    Aquino (LP; GO), 30%
   Osmeña (UNO; GO), 30%
   Angara (LDP; TU), 32.1%    Honasan (Ind; Ind), 29%    Recto (Lakas; TU), 35.4%    Cayetano (NP; GO), 31%    Honasan (Ind; Ind), 32%
   Zubiri (Lakas; TU), 32%
10    Pimentel (PDP Laban; GO), 24.4%    Cayetano (NP; GO), 30.9%    Aquino (LP; GO), 28%
   Arroyo (KAMPI; TU), 28%
   Angara (LDP; TU), 35.2%    Sotto (NPC; TU), 30%
11    Angara (LDP; TU), 24.0%    Arroyo (KAMPI; TU), 29%    Honasan (Ind; Ind), 27.3%    Arroyo (KAMPI; TU), 33.4%

   Honasan (Ind; Ind), 28%
   Aquino (LP; GO), 28%
   Pimentel (PDP Laban; GO), 28%

   Arroyo (KAMPI; TU), 31%
   Angara (LDP; TU), 35%

12    Honasan (Ind; Ind), 23.3%    Honasan (Ind; Ind), 28%    Sotto (NPC; TU), 25.4%

   Sotto (NPC; TU), 26%
   Osmeña (UNO; GO), 26%

   Zubiri (Lakas; TU), 32.0%
13    Escudero (NPC; GO), 23.2%

   Pimentel (PDP Laban; GO), 27%
   Angara (LDP; TU), 27%

   Pimentel (PDP Laban; GO), 23.1%    Pimentel (PDP Laban; GO), 30.1%    Sotto (NPC; TU), 26%
14    Aquino (LP; GO), 22.5%    Magsaysay (Lakas; TU), 22.4%    Pimentel (PDP Laban; GO), 25%    Sotto (NPC; TU), 29.2%    Zubiri (Lakas; TU), 25%    Pimentel (PDP Laban; GO), 25%
15    Osmeña (UNO; GO), 17.9%    Defensor (Lakas; TU), 21%    Roco (Aksyon; GO), 22.4%    Defensor (Lakas; TU), 21%    Roco (Aksyon; GO), 23%    Roco (Aksyon; GO), 27.1%    Defensor (Lakas; TU), 24%
   Trillanes (UNO; GO), 24%
None
Refused
Undecided
12.2% 14% 10% 10.6% 8.8% 12% 13%

Composition

Candidates who were not make it to the top 12, but were within the margin of error from the 12th-placed candidate, are denoted by figures inside the parenthesis.

Pollster Date(s) administered Sample
size
Margin of
error
Parties Coalitions
KAMPI Lakas LDP LP NP NPC PDP
Laban
UNO Ind GO Ind TEAM Unity
SWS May 2–4, 2007 1,200 ±3.0% 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 6 2 4
SWS Apr 14–17, 2007 1,200 ±3.0% 1 1(+1) 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 6(+1) 2 4(+1)
Pulse Asia Apr 3–5, 2007 1,200 ±3.0% 1 2 1 2 2 3 0(+1) 2 1 7(+1) 2 4
SWS Mar 15–18, 2007 1,200 ±3.0% 1 1 1 2 2 3 0(+1) 1(+1) 1 6(+1) 2 5
Pulse Asia Feb 26–Mar 5, 2007 1,200 ±3.0% 1 1(+1) 1 2 2 3 0(+1) 1 1 6(+2) 2 4(+1)
SWS Feb 22–27, 2007 1,200 ±3.0% 1 1 0(+1) 2 2 3 0(+1) 2 1 6(+1) 2 4(+1)
Pulse Asia Jan 25–28, 2007 1,200 ±3.0% 1 1 1 1(+1) 2 2(+1) 1 1 1 5(+2) 2 4

Results

The Genuine Opposition (GO) originally won seven seats, TEAM Unity won three seats, a Liberal Party candidate not in any slate won one, and an independent won one.

Five incumbents successfully defended their seats: Edgardo Angara and Joker Arroyo for TEAM Unity, Panfilo Lacson and Manny Villar from GO, and Francis Pangilinan of the Liberal Party.

GO's Benigno Aquino III, Alan Peter Cayetano, Francis Escudero, Antonio Trillanes, and TEAM Unity's Migz Zubiri are the neophyte senators.

Returning are independent candidate Gregorio Honasan, and Loren Legarda from GO.

TEAM Unity's Ralph Recto was the sole incumbent defeated.

Juan Miguel Zubiri's seat would later be awarded to Koko Pimentel of GO in 2011 when the latter won an election protest against the former.

The election of Alfredo Lim as Mayor of Manila in concurrent elections means that his Senate seat will be vacant until June 30, 2010.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Before election + + + ‡^
Election result Not up LP GO Ind TEAM Unity Not up
After election * + * * + + * + ^
Senate bloc Minority bloc Majority bloc

Key:

  • ‡ Seats up
  • + Gained by a party from another party
  • √ Held by the incumbent
  • * Held by the same party with a new senator
  • ^ Vacancy

Per candidate

e • d Summary of the May 14, 2007 Philippine Senate election results
Rank Candidate Coalition Party Votes %
1. Loren Legarda GO NPC 18,501,734 62.7%
2. Francis Escudero GO NPC 18,265,307 61.9%
3. Panfilo Lacson GO UNO 15,509,188 52.6%
4. Manny Villar GO Nacionalista 15,338,412 52.0%
5. Francis Pangilinan Liberal 14,534,678 49.3%
6. Benigno Aquino III GO Liberal 14,309,349 48.5%
7. Edgardo Angara TEAM Unity LDP 12,657,769 42.9%
8. Joker Arroyo TEAM Unity KAMPI 11,803,107 40.0%
9. Alan Peter Cayetano GO Nacionalista 11,787,679 40.0%
10. Gregorio Honasan Independent 11,605,531 39.3%
11. Antonio Trillanes GO UNO 11,189,671 37.9%
12. Koko Pimentel GO PDP–Laban 10,898,786 37.3%
13. Migz Zubiri1 TEAM Unity Lakas–CMD 10,640,620 37.2%
14. Ralph Recto TEAM Unity Lakas–CMD 10,721,252 36.3%
15. Mike Defensor TEAM Unity Lakas–CMD 9,938,995 33.7%
16. Prospero Pichay Jr. TEAM Unity Lakas–CMD 9,798,622 33.2%
17. Sonia Roco GO Aksyon 8,457,748 28.7%
18. Cesar Montano TEAM Unity Lakas–CMD 7,800,451 26.4%
19. Tito Sotto TEAM Unity NPC 7,638,361 25.9%
20. John Henry Osmeña GO UNO 7,267,048 24.6%
21. Vicente Magsaysay TEAM Unity Lakas–CMD 6,357,905 21.4%
22. Nikki Coseteng GO Independent 5,274,682 17.9%
23. Tessie Aquino-Oreta TEAM Unity NPC 4,362,065 14.8%
24. Chavit Singson TEAM Unity Lakas–CMD 4,353,644 14.8%
25. Richard Gomez Independent 2,725,664 9.2%
26. Jamalul Kiram III TEAM Unity PDSP 2,488,994 8.4%
27. Melchor Chavez KBL 843,702 2.9%
28. Martin Bautista Ang Kapatiran 761,165 2.6%
29. Zosimo Paredes Ang Kapatiran 713,817 2.4%
30. Joselito Pepito Cayetano KBL 510,366 1.7%
31. Adrian Sison Ang Kapatiran 402,331 1.4%
32. Oliver Lozano KBL 305,647 1.0%
33. Antonio Estrella KBL 285,488 1.0%
34. Victor Wood KBL 283,036 1.0%
35. Felix Cantal PGRP 123,608 0.4%
36. Eduardo Orpilla KBL 107,532 0.4%
37. Ruben Enciso KBL 100,523 0.3%
Total turnout 29,498,660 65.51%
Total votes 268,664,477 N/A
Registered voters 45,029,443 100.0%
Note: 37 candidates ran for senator. Source: COMELEC.gov.ph website
^1 replaced by Koko Pimentel as a result of an election protest.

Per coalition

Party or allianceVotes%Seats
Genuine OppositionNationalist People's Coalition36,767,04113.692
United Opposition33,965,90712.642
Nacionalista Party27,126,09110.102
Liberal Party14,309,3495.331
PDP–Laban10,898,7864.061
Aksyon Demokratiko8,457,7483.150
Independent5,274,6821.960
Total136,799,60450.928
TEAM UnityLakas–CMD59,611,48922.190
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino12,657,7694.711
Nationalist People's Coalition12,000,4264.470
Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino11,803,1074.391
Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas2,488,9940.930
Total98,561,78536.692
Liberal Party14,534,6785.411
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan2,436,2940.910
Ang Kapatiran1,877,3130.700
Philippine Green Republican Party123,6080.050
Independent14,331,1955.331
Total268,664,477100.0012
Total votes29,498,660
Registered voters/turnout45,029,44365.51
Vote share
GO
50.92%
TEAM Unity
36.39%
LP
5.41%
Others
6.98%
Senate seats
GO
66.67%
TEAM Unity
16.67%
LP
8.33%
Others
8.33%

Per party

This table depicts the totals after the Senate Electoral Tribunal's 2011 decision on Pimentel v. Zubiri electoral protest.

PartyVotes%+/–Seats
UpBeforeWonAfter+/−
Lakas–CMD59,611,48922.19−9.552503−2
Nationalist People's Coalition48,767,46718.15New0022+2
United Opposition33,965,90712.64New1122+1
Liberal Party28,844,02710.74−1.063524−1
Nacionalista Party27,126,09110.10New1223+1
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino12,657,7694.71New12120
Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino11,803,1074.39New11110
PDP–Laban10,898,7864.06New12120
Aksyon Demokratiko8,457,7483.15−0.5300000
Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas2,488,9940.93New00000
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan2,436,2940.91+0.7000000
Ang Kapatiran1,877,3130.70New00000
Philippine Green Republican Party123,6080.05New00000
Independent19,605,8777.30−0.520011New
People's Reform Party01010
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino1402−2
Vacancy11010
Total268,664,477100.00122412240
Total votes29,498,660
Registered voters/turnout45,029,44365.51
Vote share
Lakas
22.19%
NPC
18.15%
UNO
12.64%
LP
10.74%
NP
10.10%
LDP
4.71%
KAMPI
4.39%
PDP-Laban
4.06%
Independent
7.30%
Others
5.72%
Senate seats won
Lakas
0.00%
NPC
16.67%
UNO
16.67%
LP
16.67%
NP
16.67%
LDP
8.33%
KAMPI
8.33%
PDP-Laban
8.33%
Independent
8.33%
Others
0.00%

Unofficial tallies

Party/coalition Revised
by SET
COMELEC NAMFREL Pulse Asia ABS-CBN GMA
GO 8 7 8 8 8 7
TEAM Unity 2 3 2 2 2 4
Independents 2 2 2 2 2 1
Others 0 0 0 0 0 0

Aftermath

Although the Genuine Opposition gained control of the Senate after the elections, they were divided on who was to be next Senate President. As such, Senate President Manuel Villar (Nacionalista) formed a bloc in the Senate to contest the Senate presidency. Facing him was the minority leader Aquilino Pimentel Jr. backed by several fellow opposition senators. On July 26, 2007, Villar defeated Pimentel was elected to Senate by a vote of 15–7 with Villar and Pimentel voting for each other. Senator Antonio Trillanes was not allowed to attend the Senate session.

This is how the election for the Senate presidency went:

Voted for Villar Voted for Pimentel Not voting Vacancy
  1. Manny Villar
  2. Edgardo Angara (LDP)
  3. Joker Arroyo (Kampi)
  4. Alan Peter Cayetano
  5. Pia Cayetano
  6. Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP)
  7. Juan Ponce Enrile (PMP)
  8. Francis Escudero (NPC)
  9. Jinggoy Estrada (PMP)
  10. Dick Gordon (Independent)
  11. Gregorio Honasan (Independent)
  12. Lito Lapid (Lakas-CMD)
  13. Francis Pangilinan (Liberal)
  14. Bong Revilla (Lakas-CMD)
  15. Migz Zubiri (Lakas-CMD)
  1. Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
  2. Benigno Aquino III (Liberal)
  3. Rodolfo Biazon (Liberal)
  4. Panfilo Lacson (UNO)
  5. Loren Legarda (NPC)
  6. Jamby Madrigal (UNO)
  7. Mar Roxas (Liberal)
  1. Antonio Trillanes (UNO; detained) *
  1. Seat vacated by Alfredo Lim (PMP; Elected Mayor of Manila)
Votes needed to win: 13

Pimentel vs. Zubiri electoral protest

The 12th Senate seat was contested between TEAM Unity's Juan Miguel Zubiri and GO's Koko Pimentel Zubiri was proclaimed In July 2007 with a margin of about 20,000 votes, but Pimentel filed an electoral protest to the Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET), which the tribunal accepted, alleging there was massive electoral fraud in Maguindanao. After the revision of votes on Pimentel's protest in July 2009, he released a statement that he now leads Zubiri by 96,000 votes; Zubiri countered that his counter-protest that alleges similar fraud in Mega Manila has him leading by around 132,000 votes in areas affected by his counter protest.

In July 2011, suspended Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) governor Zaldy Ampatuan and Maguindanao election supervisor Lintang Bedol alleged that there was indeed fraud in the ARMM in favor of TEAM Unity. On August 3, 2011, Zubiri resigned, maintaining that he had no hand in alleged electoral fraud in the ARMM. He withdrew his counter-protest, which led to the SET to proclaim Pimentel as the winner on August 11, 2011. Pimentel took his oath at Mati, Davao Oriental, where he had the highest rank among the provinces, finishing in second place.

Pimentel sued former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, COMELEC chairman Benjamin Abalos, Maguinadanao elections supervisor Lintang Bedol and others for electoral sabotage on August 17, 2011, at the Department of Justice (DOJ). A joint DOJ-COMELEC panel began investigations on Pimentel's suit by November 3. On November 18, 2011, the commission voted to file charges against Arroyo and others at the Pasay Regional Trial Court, which later ordered Arroyo, Abalos and Bedol arrested later in the day.


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