Drinking fountains in Philadelphia

Fountains in Philadelphia (1874) by Granville Perkins. Counter-clockwise from top: First Fountain; Tyler Memorial Fountain; Washington Square Fountain; Lemon Hill Fountain; Goldfish Pond Fountain; Peace Fountain; Rittenhouse Square Fountain; Mercury Fountain (Rittenhouse Square). Center: Mott's Cast Iron Fountain (Horticultural Center)

Public drinking fountains in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, have been built and used since the 19th century. Various reform-minded organizations in the city supported public drinking fountains as street furniture for different but overlapping reasons. One was the general promotion of public health, in an era of poor water and typhoid fever.[1] Leaders of the temperance movement such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union saw free, clean water as a crucial alternative to beer. Emerging animal welfare organizations, notably the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, wanted to provide water to the dogs and working horses of the city on humanitarian grounds, which is why Philadelphia's drinking fountains of the era often include curb-level troughs that animals could reach.[2]

History

Background

Fourth of July in Centre Square (by 1812) by John Lewis Krimmel. William Rush's Water Nymph and Bittern (1809) is the fountain at center.

Philadelphia built the first citywide gravity-fed water system in the United States, which began operation in January 1801.[3][4] In 1802, engineer Frederick Graff "designed the first post-type hydrants in the shape of a 'T' with a drinking fountain on one side and a 4-1/2-inch water main on the other" for firefighting.[5]

In the Philadelphia system, underwater aqueducts carried drinking water from the Schuylkill River, and twin steam pumps propelled it into a water tower at Centre Square, now the site of Philadelphia City Hall. Scottish-born architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe designed the system along with the Greek Revival pumping house/water tower.[6] Sculptor William Rush carved a wooden statue, Allegory of the Schuylkill River (better known as Water Nymph with Bittern), to adorn the Centre Square fountain.[7] Water Nymph and Bittern, built in 1809, was the first fountain in Philadelphia.[8] The statue was funded by the Philadelphia Watering Committee, formally the Joint Committee on Bringing Water to the City, an organization founded in 1797–98 with the aim of constructing a public water system to combat yellow fever.[9]

Drinking fountains

The idea of purpose-built drinking fountains was relatively novel. The first public drinking fountains in England appeared in Liverpool in 1854, through the efforts of Charles Pierre Melly, and that city had 43 in total by 1858.[10] The first in London was a granite basin attached to the gates of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, funded by Samuel Gurney and his Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association in 1859.[11]

"First Fountain" (1854)

A spring-fed public drinking fountain was erected in 1854, along the Wissahickon Creek opposite Chestnut Hill.[12] It was described in 1884 as:

The first fountain, so called, stands upon the side of the road on the west side of the Wissahickon ... It is claimed that this is the first drinking fountain erected in the county of Philadelphia outside of the Fairmount Water-Works. A clear, cold, mountain spring is carried by a spout, covered with a lion's head, from a niche in a granite front, with pilasters and pediment into a marble basin. The construction bears the date 1854 ... Upon a slab above the niche are cut the words "Pro bono publico"; beneath the basin these, "Esto perpetua".[13]

In the 1860s, philanthropic groups and governments across the United States began to fund the building of water fountains, including the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1867 (in Union Square in New York City), and the Philadelphia Fountain Society beginning in April 1869.[14] New fountains in Philadelphia proved immediately successful. They quickly proved their "utility and absolute necessity;" by September 1869 the Fountain Society had constructed 12, and the Pennsylvania branch of the ASPCA (PSPCA) had built another 5.[15] As of 1880, the Philadelphia Fountain Society recorded 50 fountains serving approximately 3 million people and 1 million horses and other animals.[2] Reformers continued installing such fountains throughout Philadelphia into the 1940s. Many remain.[2]

In 2015, Philly Voice reported on plans to re-establish a system of public drinking fountains in the city.[16]

Sponsors

Philadelphia Fountain Society

The earliest and most prolific fountain-building organization was the Philadelphia Fountain Society, headed by medical doctor and art collector Wilson Cary Swann (1806–1876) and formally incorporated on April 21, 1869,[17] with the stated mission of developing water fountains and water troughs for Philadelphia.[18][19][20] "[O]ur object", wrote Swann, "is the erection and maintenance in this city of public drinking fountains for the health and refreshment of the people of Philadelphia and the benefit of dumb animals".[8]

The society hoped that water fountains would directly improve quality-of-life for workers and working animals in the city, and indirectly promote temperance;[21][22] Swann felt that "the lack of water for workers and animals led to intemperance and crime", and that drinking fountains positioned around the city would help "workers quench their thirst in public instead of entering local taverns".[23] Some of Swann's arguments may have been derived from the like-minded London Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, established in 1859.[20]

The fountains themselves were intended to be more functional than decorative, although many of them incorporate work by significant architects and sculptors.[20] The society reached out to Philadelphians, advertising $5 for an annual membership, or $150 for a lifetime membership.[20]

The society's first fountain went up in April 1869,[20] adjacent to Washington Square, at 7th and Walnut Streets.[24] A cast iron eagle perched on top, and below the plaque were two troughs, one for horses, one for dogs.[25] (It was relocated to the south side of the square in 1916.)[20] That same year, work began on two fountains for the 500 block of Chestnut Street, in front of Independence Hall.[20] Prominent citizens such as John Wanamaker and Anthony Joseph Drexel provided funding to the society, and by July there were five operational fountains.[20] Two years later, forty three fountains were managed by the society.[20] The society installed three fountains on Rittenhouse Square, the first outside the iron fence at the square's northeast corner; the others at the northwest and southeast corners, but within the iron fence. Persistent flooding around the fountains created a nuisance, and the society removed them in the 1880s.[20]

Swann handled a large portion of the society's work, and by 1874 it had erected 73 fountains.[8][26][18] On April 17, 1874, Adelaide Neilson performed a concert to benefit the society at the Academy of Music.[27]

The society had challenges. While rapidly constructing new fountains, it struggled to fund ongoing maintenance. In the 1870s, the city budgeted some money for upkeep, but that practice was ended by 1880.[20] The city was hard on its drinking fountains. That first fountain at 7th and Walnut, which was "at all times surrounded by a thirsty crowd" as of 1896, had its iron eagle "blown over" to land on a boy and break his arm, resulting in civil damages, then its fortified replacement eagle was squarely broken off by a tree branch.[28]

The destruction of fountains by boys and men with vandalistic tendencies, has to be constantly watched for and guarded against. Truck drivers and dragmen with heavy wagons also, by their carelessness, damage the fountains, and it is no uncommon thing for a fountain to be entirely knocked over by the pole of a brewery wagon ... the majority of the fountains ... erected now-a-days, are built low down, below the range of a wagon pole.[28]

Swann died in 1876. By 1892, the number of fountains managed by the society had declined to 60. That year, Swann's wife died and left $80,000 to the society, as well as $25,000 for the construction of a fountain in his memory.[8][18] By 1910, the number of horses in Philadelphia was decreasing as automobiles and streetcars gained in popularity, decreasing the need for fountains.[20] After the completion of its last grand project, the Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle in 1924, the society ceased building fountains.[29] At its peak, the society had managed 82 fountains.[2] It still exists as a grant-providing organisation.[20]

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

The Fountain Society was linked to the Pennsylvania branch of the newly formed American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, co-founded in June 1868 by Colonel Mark Richards Muckle of the Public Ledger.[20] The two had shared motivations, and Swann was involved in both.[30] As of September 1869, press reports claimed "a very commendable rivalry in the erection of drinking fountains for man and beast will spring up between those two admirable associations", the Fountain Society with twelve in operation so far, and the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PSPCA) credited with five, all fountains which had "proven their utility and absolute necessity" with more to come.[15] Some of these featured a curb-level trough for small animals, and a separate drinking fountain for people.[20]

However, also in 1869, the activist Caroline Earle White had grown frustrated with her exclusion from any decision-making role in the PSPCA, which she had helped to found. She created a Women's Branch, essentially an auxiliary,[31] which also independently commissioned the construction of public drinking fountains and horse troughs.[32][33]

In 1899 White fully broke away from the PSPCA by founding the independent Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or WPSPCA.[18][34] As of 1928 the WPSPCA still ran a veterinary hospital in the city, an animal refuge, owned and maintained 50 street fountains open all year, and put up additional seasonal horse-watering stations in the city from May through November.[35]

WPSPCA fountains & horse troughs

A crusade is being conducted in Philadelphia, and has been for six years past, by the members of the Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

In 1906, Mrs. Bradbury Bedell, a member of the Women's Society who had long been active in seeking better conditions for animals in Philadelphia, and the late Mrs. A. L. Lowry, another woman who for years had sought successfully to aid in the comfort of the dumb beasts, debated over the filthiness of many of the water troughs located around the city. They made personal appeals in many cases to saloon keepers where they found trough conditions especially flagrant. Sometimes their efforts were successful, and again the women's appeals were passed by unnoticed.
Then the thought came to them that the society could in time establish sufficient stations to crush out the horse trough evil, and the campaign was started. In six years the results have been even more than the originators had anticipated. To-day the society owns forty fountains and troughs throughout the city. Conditions at many other fountains have been greatly improved, and horse owners have been aroused to the danger.

The city authorities have cheerfully aided the Women's Society here by furnishing the supply of water free for all the stations and in other ways. Many heads of stores and establishments which have a large supply of horses have also responded to the society's efforts on behalf of the horse. They know what it means from a commerical as well as a humane standpoint.[36]

Temperance organizations

During the season from April to November [the fountains] are so constantly patronized in busy portions of the city that water is at all times spilt over the surrounding pavement [...] –The Times, October 9, 1892[8]

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union also commissioned fountains.

The local membership of the Sons of Temperance funded a drinking fountain, originally installed under a pergola at the 1876 Centennial Exposition and later moved to Independence Square in 1877.[37] As advertised, it provided ICE WATER FREE TO ALL.[38]

Also for the 1876 exposition the German-American sculptor Herman Kirn produced the elaborate Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain. This included five figures, Moses in the middle, and sixteen drinking fountains installed into granite pedestals.[39]

Notable drinking fountains

NOTE: Some entries in this table overlap the entries in Drinking fountains in the United States. Neither table is an exhaustive list.
Name Date Image Location Designer/Sponsor Material Notes Ref(s)
"First Fountain" 1854 First Fountain Sept 2020.JPG Forbidden Drive, north of Wises Mill Road (opposite Chestnut Hill) John Cook and Charles Magargé white marble
First Fountain plaque Sept 2020.JPG
Interpretive panel beside the "First Fountain":
"Half a mile above Valley Green is a marble drinking fountain, erected in 1854—the first built in Philadelphia. It is supplied from a mountain spring, and the water is clear and cold. … John Cook and Charles Magargé presented this fountain to the Park Commission for public use."
Sealed in 1957 because of water pollution
[40][41]
Peace Fountain 1865 Peace Fountain 1865 Fairmount Water Works.jpg Fairmount Water Works, South Garden
(west of Philadelphia Museum of Art)
brownstone
Peace Fountain (9101154911).jpg
Peace Fountain, c.1870:
A wall fountain set against a granite cliff.
The inscription, "Peace June 1865," refers to the month in which the last fighting of the Civil War ended (in Texas).
[42][43][44]
Washington Square Fountain 1869 Fountain Washington Sq, Locust, Philly.JPG Original: North side of Washington Square (opposite 7th Street)
Current: 615 S. Washington Square
(south side of Washington Square)
Philadelphia Fountain Society granite
Drinking fountain, Washington Square, Philadelphia.jpg
Installed along the square's north side, 1869:
"Outside the railing of this square, on a line with Seventh Street is a stone fountain surmounted by an eagle standing on a globe, which is noteworthy as being the first of these benevolent structures in providing which the Philadelphia Fountain Society has already earned the gratitude of thousands of thirsty men and suffering beasts."
Relocated to the square's south side, 1916
Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
[45][20]
Tyler Memorial Fountain
Horse Trough at 312 Arch Street
1869 Tyler Fountain sidewalk 5-Oct-2020.jpg
Tyler Fountain street 5-Oct-2020.jpg
Original: 500 block of Chestnut Street (in front of Independence Hall)
Current: 312 Arch Street (in front of Arch Street Friends Meeting House)
Philadelphia Fountain Society granite
Detroit Photographic Company (0752).jpg
Two PFS fountains were installed on Chestnut Street in front of Independence Hall, 1869.
One was sponsored by Mrs. F. Tyler and the other by merchant John Wanamaker.
"The State-House pumps were very near, if not exactly, upon the spot where fountains, surmounted by vases and intended to be decorated by flowers or shrubbery, were afterward placed by the Philadelphia Fountain Society."
The Wanamaker fountain was hit by a car in the 1940s, and removed.
The Tyler fountain was relocated to 312 Arch Street, 1942
Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
[45][46][20]
Lemon Hill Fountain circa 1870 Lemon Hill Fountain 5-Oct-2020.jpg Kelly Drive & Sedgeley Drive white marble
Sinclair Spring at Lemon Hill 1870.jpg
In an 1870 lithograph:
Lincoln Monument, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views 4.jpg




In the background (left) of the Lincoln Monument (1871):
Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain 1874–1877 Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain SB5, p. 353.jpg Fountain Drive, West Fairmount Park
(west of Belmont Avenue)
Herman Kirn, designer and sculptor granite
Father Mat Catholic abs.JPG
Erected on the fairgrounds of the 1876 Centennial Exposition, and dedicated July 4, 1876. Cost: $60,000
Water was supplied from a reservoir atop Georges Hill.
16 drinking fountains—located on the four granite pedestals of the subordinate statues.
Georges Hill Reservoir is now the site of the Mann Music Center.
[47][48][49]
Temperance Fountain 1876 Temperance Drinking Fountain 1876 FLP.jpg Original: 1876 Centennial Exposition fairgrounds
Current: in storage
Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance cast iron
Sons of Temperance Fountain Philadelphia 1961.jpg
Installed under a 13-sided gazebo at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. Cost: $2,300.
Installed outside Independence Hall, 1877–1969.
Placed in storage, 1969
[50]
Orestes and Pylades Fountain 1884 Orestes and Pylades 5-Oct-2020.jpg 33rd Street & Reservoir Drive (Oxford Street Entrance) Carl Johann Steinhäuser, sculptor (original marble)
Herman Kirn, sculptor (bronze after marble original)
bronze & granite
Orestes and Pylades Steinhoeuser signature.JPG
Steinhäuser signature on base:
"Cast by Bureau Brothers, Philadelphia. Mounted on a pedestal of Richmond granite, with streams of water pouring from four bronze masks. Placed near Columbia Avenue Entrance to the East Park, south of the great Receiving Reservoir, in September, 1884."
[51][52][53][54]
Catharine Thorn Memorial Fountain 1890 Catharine Thorn Fountain 1890 South St.JPG 23rd Street, South Street, & Grays Ferry Avenue Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite Inscription: "The Legacy of Catharine Thorn by the W. P. S. P. C. A."
Funded with $1000 Thorn left to the Society in her will.
Installed at the center of a paved plaza bounded by South Street, 23rd Street and Grays Ferry Avenue.
Now the center of a triangular pocket park
[55][56]
Forepaugh Horse Trough 1895 Forepaugh Fountain 4-Oct-2020.jpg Fairhill Square, 4th Street & Lehigh Avenue Philadelphia Fountain Society
M. H. Gregg, maker
granite
Forepaugh Fountain maker 4-Oct-2020.jpg
Inscription: "Presented to the Philadelphia Fountain Society by a Lady"
Maker's mark:
[2]
Lion's Head Fountain circa 1895 Lion's Head Fountain c.1895 Kelly Drive.jpg Original: Lincoln Drive, Fairmount Park
Current: Kelly Drive (south of Strawberry Mansion Bridge)
granite
Lion's Head Fountain Wissahickon c.1895.jpg
In its original location, along Lincoln Drive, c.1895. Note the metal cup chained to the fountain:
Relocated to Kelly Drive, 1950s?
[57]
William Leonidas Springs Fountain 1899 Springs Fountain 1899 Lincoln Drive.JPG Lincoln Drive, between Gypsy Lane & Forbidden Drive, Fairmount Park granite
Springs Fountain 1899 Lincoln Drive detail.JPG
Built on the site of the Log Cabin Inn.
An exedra, with a pedimented wall fountain and horse trough at center and a drinking fountain at each end.
Sealed in the 1940s because of water pollution
[58]
Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain
The Scholar and the Football Player
1900 Quadrangle Dormitories,
37th & Spruce Streets,
University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania Class of 1892, sponsor
Alexander Stirling Calder, designer and sculptor
cast iron & bronze
Foliage at Penn 2005 035.jpg
Bronze; result of a $2500 fund raised by alumni; "the student appears in cap and gown, while, seated at his side, is the athlete, in football armor and with a 'pigskin' held firmly in his arm."
Located under the North Arcade, between the Memorial Tower and the North Steps
[59][60]
Bell H. Crump Fountain[a] 1907 Original: Broad Street, Fairmount Avenue, & Ridge Avenue
Current: 350 E. Erie Avenue
Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite
Crump Fountain 4-Oct-2020.jpg

Crump Fountain year 4-Oct-2020.jpg
Installed at the intersection of Broad Street, Fairmount Avenue, and Ridge Avenue, 1907 (opposite the Divine Lorraine Hotel)
Inscription: "Erected by Bell H. Crump 1907"
Now installed in front of the Pennsylvania SPCA Philadelphia Veterinary Clinic:
[2][61]
Mary Rebecca Darby Smith Memorial Fountain
Rebecca at the Well
1908 Rebecca Well Hort Center Philly.JPG Original: 12th & Spring Garden Streets
Current: Horticultural Drive, West Fairmount Park
Philadelphia Fountain Society
John J. Boyle, sculptor
bronze & red granite
Smith Fountain 12th & Spring Garden ca.1908.jpg
Mary Rebecca Darby Smith Memorial Fountain in its original location:
Funded with $5000 left to the Society by Miss Smith, and based on her own design
Inscription: "Drink and I will give thy camels drink also"
Installed at 12th & Spring Garden Streets, 1908
Removed and placed in storage, 1922
Installed in West Fairmount Park, 1934
[2][28]
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Fountain 1909 Annie L. Lowry Memorial Fountain Philadelphia.jpg 300 Bainbridge Street (median strip west of 3rd Street) Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Fountain.png
Erected at a cost of $1,500, with money left in Lowry's will.
Inscription: "Drink Gentle Friends"
Dedicated by Caroline Earle White on May 12, 1909
Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
[62][45]
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough circa 1910 Lowry Fountain 2nd St 5-Oct-2020.jpg 147 N. 2nd Street Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite
Fireman's Hall Museum 147 N 2nd Street.jpg
Installed in front of Engine Company #8, at 2nd & Quarry Streets:
The former firehouse is now the Fireman's Hall Museum.
Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
[45][2]
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough 1910 Lowry Memorial Horse Trough 1910 Roxborough High School.JPG Ridge Avenue & Fountain Street (in front of Roxborough High School) Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite Inscription: "In Memory of Annie L. Lowry, Women's P. S. P. C. A." [2]
Edward Wetherill Memorial Fountain
Horse Trough at 315 S 9th St
circa 1910 Water trough 9th St. Philly.JPG 315 S. 9th Street Philadelphia Fountain Society granite
GENERAL VIEW, TROUGH - Water Trough and Fountain, Ninth Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA HABS PA,51-PHILA,668-1.tif
Inscription: "A merciful man is merciful to his beast" (front)
Inscription: "Edward Wetherill 1821 — 1908" (rear, in niche)
Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
[45][63][20]
John Harrison Memorial Fountain circa 1910 Harrison Fountain 4-Oct-2020.jpg Kelly Drive (south of Fountain Green Drive) limestone Inscription: "In memory of John Harrison 1834 — 1909" [2]
Harriett S. French Memorial Fountain 1914 Belmont Avenue (north of Montgomery Drive) Inscription: "Erected to the glory of God, by the Harriet S. French Young Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Loyal Temperance Legion of Holy Trinity Memorial chapel" [64]
University Museum Drinking Fountain circa 1920 University Museum Courtyard
University of Pennsylvania
33rd & South Streets
Alexander Stirling Calder, sculptor white marble [65][66]
J. William White Memorial Drinking Fountain 1921 Rittenhouse Square - autumn - IMG 6548.JPG Rittenhouse Square
(Walnut Street, between 18th & 19th Streets)
Paul Philippe Cret, architect
R. Tait McKenzie, sculptor
limestone
J William White Memorial (closeup).png
Commissioned by the Rittenhouse Square Flower Market Association, in honor of J. William White.
[67]
Emmeline Reed Bedell Memorial Fountain 1922 Dock Street and Delaware Avenue Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite Bedell was "founder of the Auxiliary, and who twenty-five years ago established the first public watering places in this city. It bears the inscription, "In Memory of Emmeline Reed Bedell, 1920," carved in the granite at the base." [68]
Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough 1922 Cresson Fountain 4-Oct-2020.JPG 3rd & Spring Garden Streets Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite Miss Cresson bequeathed funds to the Women's PSPCA for three horse troughs, all built in 1922.
This one may have originally been placed in Fairmount Park.
The one placed at Front Street and Erie Avenue is no longer at that location.
[2][69]
Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough 1922 Broad Street and Windrim Avenue Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite One of three constructed in 1922
design similar to Bedell Memorial Fountain
[70]
Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough 1922 Cresson Fountain Broad&Oregon 5-Oct-2020.jpg Broad Street, Oregon Avenue, & Moyamensing Avenue Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals granite One of three constructed in 1922
Inscription: "In Memoriam Sarah Cresson 1922"
Installed on a traffic island at the intersection of Broad Street, Oregon Avenue, and Moyamensing Avenue
In Aqua Sanitas Fountain In Aqua Sanitas 5-Oct-2020.jpg Martin Luther King Jr. Drive (south of Falls Bridge)
Horse Trough Martin Luther King Jr. Drive & Montgomery Drive opposite Belmont Pumping Station
Lemon Hill Pet Fountain Lemon Hill Pet Fountain 5-Oct-2020.jpg Sedgeley Drive, north of Kelly Drive (beside Goldfish Pond Fountain) granite
The picturesque of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, by Chase, W. M. (William M.), 1818 - 9-1905.jpg
Goldfish Pond Fountain and cast iron drinking fountain, c.1880:
Inscription: "John IV. 13. Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again"

See also

Notes

  1. ^ FOUNTAIN FOR ANIMALS
    Mrs. Bell Crump Erects Public Convenience for Horses and Dogs

    What will be the largest drinking fountain for horses and dogs in Philadelphia will be opened this morning by the Pennsylvania Society for the Protection [sic] of Cruelty to Animals, on Broad street, at the intersection of Fairmount and Ridge avenues.
    The water will be turned on at 11 o'clock, by Mrs. Bell H. Crump, who presented the fountain to the society. All ambulances for the removal of living animals will be present and their horses will be the first to drink. Colonel M. Richards Muckle, president of the society, and Secretary F.B. Rutherford will accept the fountain on behalf of the organization.
    The fountain is composed of two solid blocks of granite. It is seven feet in diameter, three feet high and weighs nearly ten tons. Six horses can drink at one time, and there is a lower basin for dogs and birds. Around the upper margin the words, "Erected by Bell H. Crump, 1907," are inscribed.
    The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 1, 1907, p. 2.

References

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Sources


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