Drinking fountains in Philadelphia
Public drinking fountains in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, have been built and used since the 19th century. Various reform-minded organizations in the city supported public drinking fountains as street furniture for different but overlapping reasons. One was the general promotion of public health, in an era of poor water and typhoid fever.[1] Leaders of the temperance movement such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union saw free, clean water as a crucial alternative to beer. Emerging animal welfare organizations, notably the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, wanted to provide water to the dogs and working horses of the city on humanitarian grounds, which is why Philadelphia's drinking fountains of the era often include curb-level troughs that animals could reach.[2]
History
Background
Philadelphia built the first citywide gravity-fed water system in the United States, which began operation in January 1801.[3][4] In 1802, engineer Frederick Graff "designed the first post-type hydrants in the shape of a 'T' with a drinking fountain on one side and a 4-1/2-inch water main on the other" for firefighting.[5]
In the Philadelphia system, underwater aqueducts carried drinking water from the Schuylkill River, and twin steam pumps propelled it into a water tower at Centre Square, now the site of Philadelphia City Hall. Scottish-born architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe designed the system along with the Greek Revival pumping house/water tower.[6] Sculptor William Rush carved a wooden statue, Allegory of the Schuylkill River (better known as Water Nymph with Bittern), to adorn the Centre Square fountain.[7] Water Nymph and Bittern, built in 1809, was the first fountain in Philadelphia.[8] The statue was funded by the Philadelphia Watering Committee, formally the Joint Committee on Bringing Water to the City, an organization founded in 1797–98 with the aim of constructing a public water system to combat yellow fever.[9]
Drinking fountains
The idea of purpose-built drinking fountains was relatively novel. The first public drinking fountains in England appeared in Liverpool in 1854, through the efforts of Charles Pierre Melly, and that city had 43 in total by 1858.[10] The first in London was a granite basin attached to the gates of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate, funded by Samuel Gurney and his Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association in 1859.[11]
A spring-fed public drinking fountain was erected in 1854, along the Wissahickon Creek opposite Chestnut Hill.[12] It was described in 1884 as:
The first fountain, so called, stands upon the side of the road on the west side of the Wissahickon ... It is claimed that this is the first drinking fountain erected in the county of Philadelphia outside of the Fairmount Water-Works. A clear, cold, mountain spring is carried by a spout, covered with a lion's head, from a niche in a granite front, with pilasters and pediment into a marble basin. The construction bears the date 1854 ... Upon a slab above the niche are cut the words "Pro bono publico"; beneath the basin these, "Esto perpetua".[13]
In the 1860s, philanthropic groups and governments across the United States began to fund the building of water fountains, including the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 1867 (in Union Square in New York City), and the Philadelphia Fountain Society beginning in April 1869.[14] New fountains in Philadelphia proved immediately successful. They quickly proved their "utility and absolute necessity;" by September 1869 the Fountain Society had constructed 12, and the Pennsylvania branch of the ASPCA (PSPCA) had built another 5.[15] As of 1880, the Philadelphia Fountain Society recorded 50 fountains serving approximately 3 million people and 1 million horses and other animals.[2] Reformers continued installing such fountains throughout Philadelphia into the 1940s. Many remain.[2]
In 2015, Philly Voice reported on plans to re-establish a system of public drinking fountains in the city.[16]
Sponsors
Philadelphia Fountain Society
The earliest and most prolific fountain-building organization was the Philadelphia Fountain Society, headed by medical doctor and art collector Wilson Cary Swann (1806–1876) and formally incorporated on April 21, 1869,[17] with the stated mission of developing water fountains and water troughs for Philadelphia.[18][19][20] "[O]ur object", wrote Swann, "is the erection and maintenance in this city of public drinking fountains for the health and refreshment of the people of Philadelphia and the benefit of dumb animals".[8]
The society hoped that water fountains would directly improve quality-of-life for workers and working animals in the city, and indirectly promote temperance;[21][22] Swann felt that "the lack of water for workers and animals led to intemperance and crime", and that drinking fountains positioned around the city would help "workers quench their thirst in public instead of entering local taverns".[23] Some of Swann's arguments may have been derived from the like-minded London Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, established in 1859.[20]
The fountains themselves were intended to be more functional than decorative, although many of them incorporate work by significant architects and sculptors.[20] The society reached out to Philadelphians, advertising $5 for an annual membership, or $150 for a lifetime membership.[20]
The society's first fountain went up in April 1869,[20] adjacent to Washington Square, at 7th and Walnut Streets.[24] A cast iron eagle perched on top, and below the plaque were two troughs, one for horses, one for dogs.[25] (It was relocated to the south side of the square in 1916.)[20] That same year, work began on two fountains for the 500 block of Chestnut Street, in front of Independence Hall.[20] Prominent citizens such as John Wanamaker and Anthony Joseph Drexel provided funding to the society, and by July there were five operational fountains.[20] Two years later, forty three fountains were managed by the society.[20] The society installed three fountains on Rittenhouse Square, the first outside the iron fence at the square's northeast corner; the others at the northwest and southeast corners, but within the iron fence. Persistent flooding around the fountains created a nuisance, and the society removed them in the 1880s.[20]
Swann handled a large portion of the society's work, and by 1874 it had erected 73 fountains.[8][26][18] On April 17, 1874, Adelaide Neilson performed a concert to benefit the society at the Academy of Music.[27]
The society had challenges. While rapidly constructing new fountains, it struggled to fund ongoing maintenance. In the 1870s, the city budgeted some money for upkeep, but that practice was ended by 1880.[20] The city was hard on its drinking fountains. That first fountain at 7th and Walnut, which was "at all times surrounded by a thirsty crowd" as of 1896, had its iron eagle "blown over" to land on a boy and break his arm, resulting in civil damages, then its fortified replacement eagle was squarely broken off by a tree branch.[28]
The destruction of fountains by boys and men with vandalistic tendencies, has to be constantly watched for and guarded against. Truck drivers and dragmen with heavy wagons also, by their carelessness, damage the fountains, and it is no uncommon thing for a fountain to be entirely knocked over by the pole of a brewery wagon ... the majority of the fountains ... erected now-a-days, are built low down, below the range of a wagon pole.[28]
Swann died in 1876. By 1892, the number of fountains managed by the society had declined to 60. That year, Swann's wife died and left $80,000 to the society, as well as $25,000 for the construction of a fountain in his memory.[8][18] By 1910, the number of horses in Philadelphia was decreasing as automobiles and streetcars gained in popularity, decreasing the need for fountains.[20] After the completion of its last grand project, the Swann Memorial Fountain in Logan Circle in 1924, the society ceased building fountains.[29] At its peak, the society had managed 82 fountains.[2] It still exists as a grant-providing organisation.[20]
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
The Fountain Society was linked to the Pennsylvania branch of the newly formed American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, co-founded in June 1868 by Colonel Mark Richards Muckle of the Public Ledger.[20] The two had shared motivations, and Swann was involved in both.[30] As of September 1869, press reports claimed "a very commendable rivalry in the erection of drinking fountains for man and beast will spring up between those two admirable associations", the Fountain Society with twelve in operation so far, and the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PSPCA) credited with five, all fountains which had "proven their utility and absolute necessity" with more to come.[15] Some of these featured a curb-level trough for small animals, and a separate drinking fountain for people.[20]
However, also in 1869, the activist Caroline Earle White had grown frustrated with her exclusion from any decision-making role in the PSPCA, which she had helped to found. She created a Women's Branch, essentially an auxiliary,[31] which also independently commissioned the construction of public drinking fountains and horse troughs.[32][33]
In 1899 White fully broke away from the PSPCA by founding the independent Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, or WPSPCA.[18][34] As of 1928 the WPSPCA still ran a veterinary hospital in the city, an animal refuge, owned and maintained 50 street fountains open all year, and put up additional seasonal horse-watering stations in the city from May through November.[35]
WPSPCA fountains & horse troughs
A crusade is being conducted in Philadelphia, and has been for six years past, by the members of the Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
In 1906, Mrs. Bradbury Bedell, a member of the Women's Society who had long been active in seeking better conditions for animals in Philadelphia, and the late Mrs. A. L. Lowry, another woman who for years had sought successfully to aid in the comfort of the dumb beasts, debated over the filthiness of many of the water troughs located around the city. They made personal appeals in many cases to saloon keepers where they found trough conditions especially flagrant. Sometimes their efforts were successful, and again the women's appeals were passed by unnoticed.
Then the thought came to them that the society could in time establish sufficient stations to crush out the horse trough evil, and the campaign was started. In six years the results have been even more than the originators had anticipated. To-day the society owns forty fountains and troughs throughout the city. Conditions at many other fountains have been greatly improved, and horse owners have been aroused to the danger.
The city authorities have cheerfully aided the Women's Society here by furnishing the supply of water free for all the stations and in other ways. Many heads of stores and establishments which have a large supply of horses have also responded to the society's efforts on behalf of the horse. They know what it means from a commerical as well as a humane standpoint.[36]
Temperance organizations
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union also commissioned fountains.
The local membership of the Sons of Temperance funded a drinking fountain, originally installed under a pergola at the 1876 Centennial Exposition and later moved to Independence Square in 1877.[37] As advertised, it provided ICE WATER FREE TO ALL.[38]
Also for the 1876 exposition the German-American sculptor Herman Kirn produced the elaborate Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain. This included five figures, Moses in the middle, and sixteen drinking fountains installed into granite pedestals.[39]
Notable drinking fountains
- NOTE: Some entries in this table overlap the entries in Drinking fountains in the United States. Neither table is an exhaustive list.
Name | Date | Image | Location | Designer/Sponsor | Material | Notes | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"First Fountain" | 1854 | Forbidden Drive, north of Wises Mill Road (opposite Chestnut Hill) | John Cook and Charles Magargé | white marble | Interpretive panel beside the "First Fountain": "Half a mile above Valley Green is a marble drinking fountain, erected in 1854—the first built in Philadelphia. It is supplied from a mountain spring, and the water is clear and cold. … John Cook and Charles Magargé presented this fountain to the Park Commission for public use." Sealed in 1957 because of water pollution |
[40][41] | |
Peace Fountain | 1865 | Fairmount Water Works, South Garden (west of Philadelphia Museum of Art) |
brownstone | Peace Fountain, c.1870: A wall fountain set against a granite cliff. The inscription, "Peace June 1865," refers to the month in which the last fighting of the Civil War ended (in Texas). |
[42][43][44] | ||
Washington Square Fountain | 1869 | Original: North side of Washington Square (opposite 7th Street) Current: 615 S. Washington Square (south side of Washington Square) |
Philadelphia Fountain Society | granite | Installed along the square's north side, 1869: "Outside the railing of this square, on a line with Seventh Street is a stone fountain surmounted by an eagle standing on a globe, which is noteworthy as being the first of these benevolent structures in providing which the Philadelphia Fountain Society has already earned the gratitude of thousands of thirsty men and suffering beasts." Relocated to the square's south side, 1916 Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[45][20] | |
Tyler Memorial Fountain Horse Trough at 312 Arch Street |
1869 | Original: 500 block of Chestnut Street (in front of Independence Hall) Current: 312 Arch Street (in front of Arch Street Friends Meeting House) |
Philadelphia Fountain Society | granite | Two PFS fountains were installed on Chestnut Street in front of Independence Hall, 1869. One was sponsored by Mrs. F. Tyler and the other by merchant John Wanamaker. "The State-House pumps were very near, if not exactly, upon the spot where fountains, surmounted by vases and intended to be decorated by flowers or shrubbery, were afterward placed by the Philadelphia Fountain Society." The Wanamaker fountain was hit by a car in the 1940s, and removed. The Tyler fountain was relocated to 312 Arch Street, 1942 Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[45][46][20] | |
Lemon Hill Fountain | circa 1870 | Kelly Drive & Sedgeley Drive | white marble | In an 1870 lithograph: In the background (left) of the Lincoln Monument (1871): |
|||
Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain | 1874–1877 | Fountain Drive, West Fairmount Park (west of Belmont Avenue) |
Herman Kirn, designer and sculptor | granite | Erected on the fairgrounds of the 1876 Centennial Exposition, and dedicated July 4, 1876. Cost: $60,000 Water was supplied from a reservoir atop Georges Hill. 16 drinking fountains—located on the four granite pedestals of the subordinate statues. Georges Hill Reservoir is now the site of the Mann Music Center. |
[47][48][49] | |
Temperance Fountain | 1876 | Original: 1876 Centennial Exposition fairgrounds Current: in storage |
Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance | cast iron | Installed under a 13-sided gazebo at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. Cost: $2,300. Installed outside Independence Hall, 1877–1969. Placed in storage, 1969 |
[50] | |
Orestes and Pylades Fountain | 1884 | 33rd Street & Reservoir Drive (Oxford Street Entrance) | Carl Johann Steinhäuser, sculptor (original marble) Herman Kirn, sculptor (bronze after marble original) |
bronze & granite | Steinhäuser signature on base: "Cast by Bureau Brothers, Philadelphia. Mounted on a pedestal of Richmond granite, with streams of water pouring from four bronze masks. Placed near Columbia Avenue Entrance to the East Park, south of the great Receiving Reservoir, in September, 1884." |
[51][52][53][54] | |
Catharine Thorn Memorial Fountain | 1890 | 23rd Street, South Street, & Grays Ferry Avenue | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Inscription: "The Legacy of Catharine Thorn by the W. P. S. P. C. A." Funded with $1000 Thorn left to the Society in her will. Installed at the center of a paved plaza bounded by South Street, 23rd Street and Grays Ferry Avenue. Now the center of a triangular pocket park |
[55][56] | |
Forepaugh Horse Trough | 1895 | Fairhill Square, 4th Street & Lehigh Avenue | Philadelphia Fountain Society M. H. Gregg, maker |
granite | Inscription: "Presented to the Philadelphia Fountain Society by a Lady" Maker's mark: |
[2] | |
Lion's Head Fountain | circa 1895 | Original: Lincoln Drive, Fairmount Park Current: Kelly Drive (south of Strawberry Mansion Bridge) |
granite | In its original location, along Lincoln Drive, c.1895. Note the metal cup chained to the fountain: Relocated to Kelly Drive, 1950s? |
[57] | ||
William Leonidas Springs Fountain | 1899 | Lincoln Drive, between Gypsy Lane & Forbidden Drive, Fairmount Park | granite | Built on the site of the Log Cabin Inn. An exedra, with a pedimented wall fountain and horse trough at center and a drinking fountain at each end. Sealed in the 1940s because of water pollution |
[58] | ||
Class of 1892 Drinking Fountain The Scholar and the Football Player |
1900 | Quadrangle Dormitories, 37th & Spruce Streets, University of Pennsylvania |
University of Pennsylvania Class of 1892, sponsor Alexander Stirling Calder, designer and sculptor |
cast iron & bronze | Bronze; result of a $2500 fund raised by alumni; "the student appears in cap and gown, while, seated at his side, is the athlete, in football armor and with a 'pigskin' held firmly in his arm." Located under the North Arcade, between the Memorial Tower and the North Steps |
[59][60] | |
Bell H. Crump Fountain[a] | 1907 | Original: Broad Street, Fairmount Avenue, & Ridge Avenue Current: 350 E. Erie Avenue |
Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Installed at the intersection of Broad Street, Fairmount Avenue, and Ridge Avenue, 1907 (opposite the Divine Lorraine Hotel) Inscription: "Erected by Bell H. Crump 1907" Now installed in front of the Pennsylvania SPCA Philadelphia Veterinary Clinic: |
[2][61] | |
Mary Rebecca Darby Smith Memorial Fountain Rebecca at the Well |
1908 | Original: 12th & Spring Garden Streets Current: Horticultural Drive, West Fairmount Park |
Philadelphia Fountain Society John J. Boyle, sculptor |
bronze & red granite | Mary Rebecca Darby Smith Memorial Fountain in its original location: Funded with $5000 left to the Society by Miss Smith, and based on her own design Inscription: "Drink and I will give thy camels drink also" Installed at 12th & Spring Garden Streets, 1908 Removed and placed in storage, 1922 Installed in West Fairmount Park, 1934 |
[2][28] | |
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Fountain | 1909 | 300 Bainbridge Street (median strip west of 3rd Street) | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Erected at a cost of $1,500, with money left in Lowry's will. Inscription: "Drink Gentle Friends" Dedicated by Caroline Earle White on May 12, 1909 Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[62][45] | |
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough | circa 1910 | 147 N. 2nd Street | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Installed in front of Engine Company #8, at 2nd & Quarry Streets: The former firehouse is now the Fireman's Hall Museum. Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[45][2] | |
Annie L. Lowry Memorial Horse Trough | 1910 | Ridge Avenue & Fountain Street (in front of Roxborough High School) | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Inscription: "In Memory of Annie L. Lowry, Women's P. S. P. C. A." | [2] | |
Edward Wetherill Memorial Fountain Horse Trough at 315 S 9th St |
circa 1910 | 315 S. 9th Street | Philadelphia Fountain Society | granite | Inscription: "A merciful man is merciful to his beast" (front) Inscription: "Edward Wetherill 1821 — 1908" (rear, in niche) Listed on the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places |
[45][63][20] | |
John Harrison Memorial Fountain | circa 1910 | Kelly Drive (south of Fountain Green Drive) | limestone | Inscription: "In memory of John Harrison 1834 — 1909" | [2] | ||
Harriett S. French Memorial Fountain | 1914 | Belmont Avenue (north of Montgomery Drive) | Inscription: "Erected to the glory of God, by the Harriet S. French Young Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Loyal Temperance Legion of Holy Trinity Memorial chapel" | [64] | |||
University Museum Drinking Fountain | circa 1920 | University Museum Courtyard University of Pennsylvania 33rd & South Streets |
Alexander Stirling Calder, sculptor | white marble | [65][66] | ||
J. William White Memorial Drinking Fountain | 1921 | Rittenhouse Square (Walnut Street, between 18th & 19th Streets) |
Paul Philippe Cret, architect R. Tait McKenzie, sculptor |
limestone | Commissioned by the Rittenhouse Square Flower Market Association, in honor of J. William White. | [67] | |
Emmeline Reed Bedell Memorial Fountain | 1922 | Dock Street and Delaware Avenue | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Bedell was "founder of the Auxiliary, and who twenty-five years ago established the first public watering places in this city. It bears the inscription, "In Memory of Emmeline Reed Bedell, 1920," carved in the granite at the base." | [68] | |
Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough | 1922 | 3rd & Spring Garden Streets | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | Miss Cresson bequeathed funds to the Women's PSPCA for three horse troughs, all built in 1922. This one may have originally been placed in Fairmount Park. The one placed at Front Street and Erie Avenue is no longer at that location. |
[2][69] | |
Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough | 1922 | Broad Street and Windrim Avenue | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | One of three constructed in 1922 design similar to Bedell Memorial Fountain |
[70] | |
Sarah Cresson Memorial Horse Trough | 1922 | Broad Street, Oregon Avenue, & Moyamensing Avenue | Women's Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals | granite | One of three constructed in 1922 Inscription: "In Memoriam Sarah Cresson 1922" Installed on a traffic island at the intersection of Broad Street, Oregon Avenue, and Moyamensing Avenue |
||
In Aqua Sanitas Fountain | Martin Luther King Jr. Drive (south of Falls Bridge) | ||||||
Horse Trough | Martin Luther King Jr. Drive & Montgomery Drive | opposite Belmont Pumping Station | |||||
Lemon Hill Pet Fountain | Sedgeley Drive, north of Kelly Drive (beside Goldfish Pond Fountain) | granite | Goldfish Pond Fountain and cast iron drinking fountain, c.1880: Inscription: "John IV. 13. Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again" |
See also
Notes
- ^ FOUNTAIN FOR ANIMALS
Mrs. Bell Crump Erects Public Convenience for Horses and Dogs
What will be the largest drinking fountain for horses and dogs in Philadelphia will be opened this morning by the Pennsylvania Society for the Protection [sic] of Cruelty to Animals, on Broad street, at the intersection of Fairmount and Ridge avenues.
The water will be turned on at 11 o'clock, by Mrs. Bell H. Crump, who presented the fountain to the society. All ambulances for the removal of living animals will be present and their horses will be the first to drink. Colonel M. Richards Muckle, president of the society, and Secretary F.B. Rutherford will accept the fountain on behalf of the organization.
The fountain is composed of two solid blocks of granite. It is seven feet in diameter, three feet high and weighs nearly ten tons. Six horses can drink at one time, and there is a lower basin for dogs and birds. Around the upper margin the words, "Erected by Bell H. Crump, 1907," are inscribed.
— The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 1, 1907, p. 2.
References
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- ^ Twenty-Seventh Annual Report of the Fairmount Park Art Association (Philadelphia: 1899), p. 8.
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- ^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (January 1, 2010). German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic. Peter Lang. p. 123. ISBN 9783034301381. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ^ Catharine Thorn Fountain from Philadelphia Public Art.
- ^ "Dumb Animals Remembered". Philadelphia Times (via newspapers.com, subscription req'd). September 16, 1898. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
- ^ Lion's Head Fountain from Library Company of Philadelphia.
- ^ J. Bunford Samuel, A Word Sketch of Fairmount Park (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1917), p. 13.
- ^ "Scholar, Football Player: A Drinking Fountain". UPenn Facilities & Real Estate Services. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
- ^ "Present to Alma Mater from Class of '92, U. of P." Philadelphia Inquirer via newspapers.com (sub req'd). February 24, 1900. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
- ^ Forty-sixth Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Philadelphia: John R. McFetridge & Sons, 1914).
- ^ "Memorial Fountain and the Child Who Unveiled It". Journal of Zohophily. XIX: 63. 1909. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
- ^ "Water Trough & Drinking Fountain". Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
- ^ "Philadelphia Chapel Aids in Erecting Drinking Fountain," The Churchman, August, 21, 1909, p. 284.
- ^ University Museum Fountain from Philadelphia Public Art.
- ^ Wall mounted fountain from SIRIS.
- ^ "Dr. J. William White Memorial (1922)". Association for Public Art. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Unveil Fountain for Thirsty Horses". Philadelphia Inquirer via newspapers.com (sub req'd). June 16, 1922. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- ^ "Fountain for Horses Unveiled by SPCA". Philadelphia Inquirer via newspapers.com (free access clip). November 23, 1922. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
- ^ source predicts third and final at Broad & Moyamensing "soon"; "S.P.C.A. Will Open Drinking Fountain". Philadelphia Inquirer via newspapers.com (sub req'd). June 30, 1922. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
Sources
- Fairmount Park Art Association (1974). Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia's Treasures in Bronze and Stone. New York: Walker Publishing Company. OCLC 1151158386.
- Finkel, Kenneth; Oyama, Susan (1988). Philadelphia Then and Now: 60 Sites Photographed in the Past and Present. New York: Library Company of Philadelphia; Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486257907. OCLC 1150971538.
- Greene, Ann Norton (2008). Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03790-8. OCLC 1149441024.
- McClelland, Jim (December 22, 2004). Fountains of Philadelphia: A Guide. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3191-1.
- Philadelphia and Its Environs: Illustrated. J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1876. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- "The Evolution of the Horse Drinking Fountain". The National Humane Review. American Humane Association: 150–151. 1913.
- Scharf, John Thomas; Westcott, Thompson (1884). History of Philadelphia, 1609–1884. L. H. Everts & Company.
- Smith, Carl (April 17, 2013). City Water, City Life: Water and the Infrastructure of Ideas in Urbanizing Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-02265-9.