Fusion of Berlin and Brandenburg

The Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, with the Berlin agglomeration highlighted in orange.

The idea of unifying the German states of Berlin and Brandenburg has gained particular notoriety since German reunification. Berlin is wholly surrounded by Brandenburg, who has a large suburban population, dubbed the Speckgürtel. There are over 225.000 residents of Brandenburg that commute to Berlin in 2020 and the states share a common history, dialect and culture.

The states already cooperate extensively, for example they share one public broadcaster (the rbb), cooperate on judicial matters, transportation (the Berlin Brandenburg Airport and the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg for example) and in the private sector, for example the Gigafactory Berlin-Brandenburg. Both the Senate of Berlin and the Brandenburg state government have agreed to even closer cooperation. The two states have, by 2012, agreed to 27 state contracts and 79 administrative arrangements. Both Berlin and Brandenburg have been dominated by the Social Democratic Party since the early 2000s, though the political culture of urban Berlin in particular is a lot different.

The Social Democratic Party in Brandenburg is thought of as being more centrist, rural and culturally conservative, reflecting the sentiment of the state, in particular outside the Berlin metro. For example, when Social Democratic Party members were asked to vote on the renewed Grand coalition in 2018, opposed by the left-wing of the SPD, especially the Jusos, the SPD in Berlin opposed it as well. The Social Democratic Party in Brandenburg also has been very supportive of the lignite mining in the state, something that is universally disapproved in Berlin.

The legal basis for a combined state of Berlin and Brandenburg is different from other state fusion proposals. Normally, Article 29 of the Basic Law stipulates that a state fusion requires a federal law. However, a clause added to the Basic Law in 1994, Article 118a, allows Berlin and Brandenburg to unify without federal approval, requiring a referendum and a ratification by both state parliaments.

1996 fusion attempt

Ein Land in Sicht - Berlin - Brandenburg (One state in sight - Berlin - Brandenburg) advertisement in favor of the referendum. The red eagle is the heraldic animal of Brandenburg whereas the Berlin Bear is the heraldic animal of Berlin.

After Bundestag passed Article 118a in 1994, paving the way for unification without federal approval, preparations began for a fusion of the two states by 1996. The Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin had voted in favor of unifying with Brandenburg in principle back in February 1991. In April 1995, the Senate of Berlin and the Brandenburg state government agreed to a state contract unifying both states. The contract was ratified by the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin 188-42 and, a bit more narrowly, 88-64 by the Landtag of Brandenburg with a two-thirds majority each.

The new state would have been called Berlin-Brandenburg, would have had a population of around 6 million and a GDP of around 180 billion DM, in sixth place. In a major concession, the capital of combined state would have been Potsdam, the capital of Brandenburg. The coat of arms would have been a combination of the coat of arms of Berlin and Brandenburg.

A public referendum was held on 5 May 1996. This has been the first, and to date, only referendum of such sort held in Germany. The fusion received near-unanimous support by a broad coalition of both state governments, political parties, media, business associations, trade unions and churches. The state governments heavily promoted voting in favor of the referendum, which was unsuccessfully challenged in the courts. The Party of Democratic Socialism and the Alliance 90/The Greens in Brandenburg opposed the referendum, as did a lot of local SPD politicians.

Entity Voter turnout,
of eligible
Proportion of votes
Yes No
  Berlin (whole) 57.8% 53.4% 45.85%
  Brandenburg 66.38% 36.57% 62.72%
  Former West Berlin 58.7% 40.3%
  Former East Berlin 44.5% 54.7%


Berlin voters not only approved the fusion 53% in favor to 45% against, the quorum of 25% of eligible voters approving of the measure was also met. However, Brandenburg voters disapproved of the fusion by a large margin, 62 to 36% and the quorum was not met, though barely. The wealthier, more suburban districts of Brandenburg close to former West Berlin such as Potsdam-Mittelmark showed more sympathy for the fusion, though nevertheless every district of Brandenburg disapproved by a large majority. Similarly, all the wealthier boroughs that were formerly West Berlin voted in favor and all boroughs that were formerly East Berlin voted against the referendum, though the margin was not as lopsided as in Brandenburg. Older voters in both states approved by a majority, whereas among voters aged 18-24 in Brandenburg, only 24% voted in favor.

Reasons for the defeat of the referendum were that voters in Brandenburg feared to be reduced to rural backland and losing identity, influence and federal aid to the capital of Berlin. People also were concerned about the large and growing public debt of Berlin. In Berlin meanwhile, voters saw a advantage in reducing administrative costs. In addition, because Berlin has not had the same history of independence as the "Free and Hanseatic Cities" of Bremen and Hamburg, losing their status as a city-state did not concern a lot of people. Berlin voters did fear losing out on Equalization Payments, Berlin having been the largest receiver by far.

A fusion would have hurt the clout of the region in the Bundesrat. Berlin and Brandenburg each have had four votes, a combined state would likely only have six, the maximum allocated under the degressive proportionality system of the Bundesrat.

Aftermath

The referendum defeat ended any hopes for a quick unification, with the states now preferring to cooperate via other means, as explained above. These common initiatives have brought Berlin and Brandenburg closer together than perhaps any other pair of state. However, as recent as March 2022, the heads of government of both states have affirmed they do not plan a fusion.


This page was last updated at 2022-07-21 12:14 UTC. Update now. View original page.

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