Jakarta metropolitan area (Redirected from Greater Jakarta)

Jakarta metropolitan area
Jabodetabek
Jabodetabekpunjur
From top, left to right:
Skyview of Jakarta at dawn, Bogor city and Mount Salak, Depok skyline, Alam Sutera CBD in South Tangerang, Aerial view of Tangerang, Bekasi skyline at night and Landsat satellite view of Greater Jakarta during night.
Location of Jakarta metropolitan area
Coordinates: 6°10′30″S 106°49′43″E / 6.17500°S 106.82861°E / -6.17500; 106.82861
Country Indonesia
Provinces Banten
 Jakarta
 West Java
Core cityJakarta
Satellite citiesBogor
Depok
Tangerang City
South Tangerang
Bekasi
Cilegon
Serang
Sukabumi
Bandung
Cimahi
Area
 • Metro24,495.70 km2 (9,457.84 sq mi)
Population
(mid 2022 estimate)
 • Urban34,307,088
 • Metro54,842,885
 • Metro density2,200/km2 (5,800/sq mi)
GDP Megapolitan
 • GDPIDR 5,977,603 trillion (2022)
 • NominalUS$ 402.57 billion (2022)
 • PPPUS$ 1.232 trillion (2022)
Time zoneUTC+7 (Indonesia Western Time)
Postcodes
1xxxx
Area codes(62)21, (62)251, (62)263
Vehicle signA, B, F
GDP metro2022
 - TotalIncreaseRp 4,796.66 trillion
IncreaseUS$ 323.03 billion
IncreaseUS$ 988.57 billion (PPP)
 - Per capitaIncreaseRp 139.82 million
IncreaseUS$ 9,415
IncreaseUS$ 28,815 (PPP)
Highest elevation 3,019 m/9,905 ft (Mount Pangrango, in Bogor Regency)

The Jakarta metropolitan area or Greater Jakarta, known locally as Jabodetabek (an acronym of JakartaBogorDepokTangerangBekasi), and sometimes extended to Jabodetabekjur (with the acronym extended to include part of Cianjur Regency), or Jabodetabekpunjur (further extended to include Puncak and the Cipanas district), is the most populous megapolitan area in Indonesia. It includes the national capital (Jakarta Special Capital Region, as the core city) as well as five satellite cities and three complete regencies. The original term "Jabotabek" dated from the late 1970s and was revised to "Jabodetabek" in 1999 when "De" (for "Depok") was inserted into the name following its formation. The term "Jabodetabekjur" or "Jabodetabekpunjur" was legalised on the Presidential Regulation Number 54 of 2008, although the name Jabodetabek is more commonly used.

The area comprises Jakarta Special Capital Region and parts of West Java and Banten provinces, specifically the three regencies - Bekasi Regency and Bogor Regency in West Java, and Tangerang Regency in Banten. The area also includes the independent cities of Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang, all of which are not included administratively in the regencies. The name of the region is taken from the first two (or three) letters of each city's name: Ja-bo-de-ta-bek from Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi.

The population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, with an area of 6,802.10 km2 (2,626.31 sq mi), was 31.24 million according to the Indonesian 2020 Census, making it the most populous region in Indonesia, as well as the second-most populous urban area in the world after Tokyo. The Jakarta metropolitan area's share of the national population increased from 6.1% in 1961 to 11.26% in 2010. The population grew further to 31.9 million according to the official mid 2022 Estimates.

The region is the centre of government, culture, education, and economy of Indonesia. It has pulled many people from throughout Indonesia to come, live and work. Its economic power makes Jakarta metropolitan area the country's premier centre for finance, manufacturing and commerce. In 2019 data, The area has a gross domestic product of US$297.7 billion with a per capita GDP of $8,775, and a purchasing power parity of US$978.5 billion with a per capita PPP of $28,840, equal to 26.2% of economy of Indonesia.

History

The region was established in 1976 through Presidential Instruction No. 13 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population of the capital city. Indonesia's government established the Jabotabek Cooperation Body (Badan Kerjasama Pembangunan) of the joint secretariat of Government of DKI Jakarta and West Java province.

After Indonesia Capital was planned to move from Jakarta to Nusantara, on 2023 The Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency (PPN/Bappenas) plans to develop Jakarta to become part of a megalopolis agglomeration of three provinces, namely Banten-Jakarta-West Java. The agglomeration of the three provinces will have a population of 100 million in 2045 and become one of the largest agglomerations in the world. The inclusion of Jakarta as part of the megalopolis ensures that Jakarta will still have a role after the National Capital moves. With additional several functional areas, including the Jakarta-Bandung megapolitan area, the Cilegon-Serang-Tangerang industrial area. The Citanduy agricultural area in West Java and other areas in the three provinces.

Greater Jakarta

The generic term Greater Jakarta refers to the urban region surrounding Jakarta, and it is not specific to any official or administrative designations. On the contrary, depending on context, it may refer to the built-up area around Jakarta.

Demographics

Among the inhabitants, approximately 10.68 million lived in Jakarta Special Capital Region according to the mid 2022 official estimates; about 9.09 million in the five cities of Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang; and about 12.13 million in the three regencies (Bekasi Regency, Bogor Regency, and Tangerang Regency. The proportion of core city (Jakarta) population to the total population of the metropolitan area also declined significantly. In 2020, the population of Jakarta was only 30.4% of the total population of the Jakarta metropolitan area, continuing the trend of decline from 54.6% in 1990 to 43.2% in 2000 and to 35.5% in 2010. Furthermore, there has been a shift of arrival-destination for incoming migrants, from Jakarta city to other cities in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Today, about 20% of Indonesia's urban population is concentrated in the Jakarta metropolitan area.

Administrative
division
Province Area

(km2)

Population

(2020 Census)

Population

(mid 2023
Estimate)

Density/km2

(mid 2023)

Jakarta Special Capital Region of Jakarta 660.98 10,562,088 11,350,328 17,172
Tangerang City Banten 178.35 1,895,486 1,899,514 10,651
South Tangerang City Banten 164.86 1,354,350 1,404,785 8,521
Depok City West Java 199.91 2,056,335 1,927,867 9,644
Bekasi City West Java 213.04 2,543,676 2,496,198 11,717
Central urban districts 1,417.14 18,411,935 19,078,692 13,463
Bogor Regency West Java 2,991.78 5,427,068 5,495,372 1,837
Bogor City West Java 111.37 1,043,070 1,122,772 10,082
Bekasi Regency West Java 1,251.02 3,113,017 3,172,833 2,536
Tangerang Regency Banten 1,027.76 3,245,619 3,286,420 3,198
Suburban districts 5,381.93 12,828,774 13,077,397 2,430
Jabodetabek 6,802.10 31,240,709 32,156,089 4,727
Serang City Banten 266.71 692,101 720,362 2,701
Cilegon City Banten 175.50 434,896 450,271 2,566
Serang Regency Banten 1,734.28 1,622,630 1,678,915 968
Karawang Regency West Java 1,913.71 2,439,085 2,505,247 1,310
Purwakarta Regency West Java 993.09 997,869 1,028,569 3,026
Subang Regency West Java 2,165.55 1,595,320 1,624,386 750
Sukabumi City West Java 48.31 346,325 356,410 7,378
Sukabumi Regency West Java 4,164.15 2,725,450 2,806,664 674
Cianjur Regency West Java 3,631.92 2,477,560 2,542,793 700
Bandung City West Java 167.31 2,444,160 2,461,553 14,713
Cimahi City West Java 40.37 568,400 575,235 14,249
Bandung Regency West Java 1,762.40 3,623,790 3,718,660 2,110
West Bandung Regency West Java 1,305.77 1,788,336 1,846,969 1,414
Sumedang Regency Part West Java 224.53 365,622 370,762 1,651
Megapolitan Statistical Area 24,495.70 53,362,253 54,842,885 2,239

Sources:

  • Census final 2010; Census final 2020 / Badan Pusat Statistik - Indonesia.
  • Indonesia: Table of all administrative divisions/ Citypopulation.de
  • Kemendagri 2022 June estimate. Note the pandemic had skewing effects on Census 2020 data compared with prior year estimates, in favor of satellite cities, while post-pandemic data indicates a flood back into central cities. This effect is repeated for Bandung, Surabaya, Palembang, and Medan.

Economy

SCBD skyline at night

Nowadays, the role of the Jakarta metropolitan area in the national economy is still dominant although the decentralisation policy has been implemented since the political reforms in 1998. The region accounts for 25.52% of total national gross domestic product and 42.8% to the total GDP of Java in 2010. Central Jakarta, South Jakarta and Bekasi have respectively accounted for 4.14%; 3.78% and 2.11% of total national GDP. There are three dominant sectors which have a high contribution to the total Jakarta metropolitan area's GDP comprising: industrial sector (28.36%), financial sector (20.66%) as well as trade, hotel and restaurant sectors (20.24%). Based on the contribution of each sector to the total national GDP in 2010, Jakarta metropolitan area contributed 41.87% for the finance sector, 33.1% for construction and building, as well as 30.86% for transportation.

Prime business and commercial centres include the "Golden Triangle" in central Jakarta. There are Indonesia's premier financial centre, SCBD, Mega Kuningan, Rasuna Epicentrum as well as along Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jalan M.H. Thamrin, Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto and Jalan HR Rasuna Said. The Golden Triangle is also known to expatriates and locals as a lifestyle centre of the metropolis. There are countless high-end boutiques, fine restaurants, coffee shops and malls. Kelapa Gading is the newest business district, lifestyle centre and residential areas, located in the north-eastern part of Jakarta. It has several bars and entertainment places that open up until late at night.

The development of large scale residential areas and industrial parks in the Jakarta metropolitan area has been induced by infrastructure development, especially toll roads and railways. The Jakarta metropolitan area has been built industrial estate in the outskirts, mainly in Cikarang, home to a dozen industrial estates with more than 2,500 industrial companies. The Cikarang industrial estate occupied a total land area of about 11,000 hectares and became the largest concentration of manufacturing activities in Southeast Asia. Many foreign companies are located in the Cikarang industrial estate, such as from Japan, South Korea, China, Singapore and United States.

Transportation

KRL Commuterline system map
Jabodebek LRT system map

The region is partly defined by the areas from which people commute into the city. All municipality and regencies have access to toll road and rail service. At present public transport in Greater Jakarta consists of TransJakarta BRT, KRL Commuterline commuter rail, Jakarta LRT, Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link, and Jakarta MRT. The transit system that is currently under construction is LRT Jabodebek. Jakarta LRT began operation by late 2019, and LRT Jabodebek is expected to open by March 2021.

Aviation

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

The Jakarta metropolitan area has two major airports, Soekarno Hatta International Airport, commonly known as Cengkareng Airport (CGK) and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport (chiefly domestic). Pondok Cabe Airport in South Tangerang, owned by the state oil company Pertamina, is used for civilian and military airport.

Rail

The facade of Pasar Senen Station

The Jakarta metropolitan area is served by KRL Commuterline, a 418 km (260 mi) commuter train comprising five lines (Red/Bogor Line, Green/Rangkasbitung Line, Blue/Cikarang Loop Line, Brown/Tangerang Line and Pink/Tanjung Priok Line) and over 80 stations across the area, plus Lebak Regency in Banten.

Urban rail systems in Jakarta include rapid transit system Jakarta MRT, and light rail system Jakarta LRT, and light rapid transit system Jabodebek LRT. Before Jakarta MRT was opened in 2019, the Jakarta metropolitan area was the world's largest metropolitan areas without a grade-separated rapid transit system.

Rail connection to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is served by Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link and Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain inside the airport complex.

Bus

The TransJakarta bus rapid transit service (known as Busway) was developed throughout Jakarta and currently has 13 active corridors and a further three in planning. The system connects Bekasi, Depok, and Tangerang with three routes connecting Jakarta with Bekasi vice versa, namely Harapan Indah - Pasar Baru, West Bekasi - Bunderan HI, and East Bekasi - Tanjung Priok. While for Depok, only three routes are currently active: UI - Manggarai, UI - Lebak bulus, Terminal Depok - BKN via the Cijago toll road. In addition to the main corridors, the feeder buses of Transjakarta serves commuters from satellite cities, such as Bumi Serpong Damai and Bintaro Jaya (South Tangerang) as well as Kemang Pratama, Grand Galaxy City and Cibubur (Bekasi).

High Speed Rail

KCIC400AF-CIT passing through Bekasi

Indonesia operates a single high-speed rail service between the country's two largest cities, Jakarta and Bandung, branded Whoosh (short for Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat, lit.'Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Excellent System'). It is operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).

Whoosh is the first high-speed railway in Southeast Asia, and the Southern Hemisphere and covers a distance of 143 kilometres (89 mi) with an operating speed of 350 km/h (220 mph), and design speed of KCIC400AF train of 420 km/h (260 mph), making it the second fastest commercially operating railway network in the world. The travel time between the two cities averages 45 minutes, down from 3 hours before its opening. Whoosh cost $7.3 billion to build.

The line began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023, and commercial operations on 17 October 2023. The Whoosh high speed train has served 1 million passengers during 2 months of commercial operation from 17 October to 25 December 2023.

See also


This page was last updated at 2024-03-13 15:58 UTC. Update now. View original page.

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