House of Loredan (Redirected from Loredan family)

  (Redirected from Loredan)
Doge's Crown.svg
House of Loredan
Noble Family
Coat of Arms of the House of Loredan.svg
Coat of Arms of the House of Loredan
CountryFormer
 Republic of Venice
 Papal States
 Holy Roman Empire
 Austrian Empire
Modern
 Albania
 Austria
 Croatia
 Cyprus
 France
 Greece
 Italy
 Montenegro
 Slovenia
Current region Croatia
 Italy
 United Kingdom
Earlier spellingsLaurae, in ancient Rome
Loredano (Italian)
Lorentano (Greek)
Lauredanus (Latin)
Etymologyfrom Laureati, due to their ancestors' historical glory
Place of originthree possibilities
Founded1015, likely earlier
FounderGaius Mucius Scaevola, by tradition
Final rulerFrancesco Loredan
TitlesDoge of Venice
Dogaressa of Venice
Procurator of St. Mark
Regent of the Archipelago
Duchess of the Archipelago
Duke of Candia
Duke of Morea
Duke of Dalmatia
Duke of Albania
Duke of Corfu
Duke of Friuli
Count of Treviso
Count of Rovigo
Count of Legnago
Count of Padua
Count of Palmanova
Count of Brescia
Count of Peschiera
Count of Bergamo
Count of Belluno
Count of Crema
Count of Cremona
Count of Feltre
Count of Salò
Count of Zara
Count of Spalato
Count of Pula
Count of Kotor
Count of Scutari
Count of Famagusta
Lord of Antiparos
Lord of Bertinoro
Lord of Ormelle
Lord of Barban and Rakalj
Bailo of Corfu
Bailo of Negroponte
and others (List)
Style(s)"His Serenity"
Members
Connected members
Connected families
Distinctions
TraditionsRoman Catholicism
Motto
NON NOBIS DOMINE NON NOBIS

("Praise us not, O Lord.")
Estate(s)
Properties
Cadet branches

The House of Loredan (Italian: [loreˈdan], Venetian: [loɾeˈdaŋ]) is a noble family from Venice which rose to prominence in the High Middle Ages and has, in the following centuries, grown to be powerful and influential in regions across the Mediterranean. Throughout history, the family has produced a number of famous personalities: doges, members of various state councils, procurators, providures, podestàs, military commanders, naval captains, church dignitaries, writers and lawyers.

The family was a political dynasty throughout the Late Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Early modern period, with numerous members holding noble and political titles in virtually every home and overseas territory of the Republic of Venice. At various points in history, the Loredan family has held titles in what are now modern countries of Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece and Cyprus.

Although the Loredans were proponents of Venice's traditional, maritime orientation, and viewed with distrust its expansion on the Italian mainland (the Terraferma), they have played a key role in the development, and ultimately, the history of the Republic of Venice. The family was significant in the War of the League of Cambrai, with Doge Leonardo Loredan leading Venice to a victory against the Papal States, which resulted in the pope having to pay the Loredan family a financial settlement of approximately 500,000 ducats, an enormous amount of money. Furthermore, many of its members distinguished themselves as admirals and generals in defending Europe from the Ottoman conquests in the Ottoman-Venetian wars.

The family has also played a crucial role in the creation of modern opera with the Accademia degli Incogniti, also called the Loredanian Academy, and has commissioned many works of art by artists of the Venetian School, including Giovanni and Gentile Bellini, Giorgione, Vittore Carpaccio, Vincenzo Catena, Sebastiano del Piombo, Titian, Jacopo and Domenico Tintoretto, Paolo Veronese, Palma il Giovane, Canaletto and Francesco Guardi, among others.

Under a Loredan government, the first Jewish ghetto in the world was created in Venice in 1516, although some members of the family argued in the Senate for the reduction of the sum the Jews had to pay for their "conduct".[1]

Interestingly, the Loredans were one of the rare families in which feudal ownership of an estate could be inherited by a woman.[2][a]

Today, the Loredan coat of arms, which features six laurel (or rose) flowers on a shield of yellow and blue, is displayed on numerous buildings and palaces across the territories previously held by the Republic of Venice; from the Veneto and Friuli, Istria and Dalmatia, and in the more distant possessions such as the Ionian Islands and Crete. In Venice, it is even carved into the Rialto Bridge and the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.[3]

Origin and etymology

Loredan coat of arms (16th century)

The origin of the family is not completely clear.

Some historians traced the origin of the family back to the Mainardi family, in turn descended from Gaius Mucius Scaevola. They then acquired the surname of Laureati because of their ancestors’ historical glory. Also, according to legend, they founded the city of Loreo in 816 AD, and moved to the Venetian Lagoon in 1015 AD. The first written references of the family, however, date from the 11th century.[4]

According to what the 16th century Italian philosopher Jacopo Zabarella wrote in his Trasea Peto, the Loredans were already lords of Bertinoro in Emilia-Romagna, and were of illustrious ancient lineage derived from Rome, where they earned great fame for the many victories they achieved in battles.[5] They were thus called Laurae by the Romans, then Laureati for their excellence and later Lauretani for corruption, because of which they were driven out of Bertinoro. They then went to Ferrara, and finally to Venice, where they built the castle of Loredo. Because of their nobility, as well as for the wealth they possessed, they were ascribed by the Republic to its Great Council in 1080, with the person of Marco Loredan. Zabarella also notes the family owned the lordship of Antipario (today Antiparos, Greece) in the Aegean Sea, and more recently the county of Ormelle in the Province of Treviso.[6]

The name of the family may also have originated from the word for the flower laurel, a symbol of triumph and nobility. The coat of arms of the Loredan family features six laurel flowers.

The name may also mean "coming from Loreo", as to describe a person who is from the homonymous town.[b] Citizens of Loreo are today called "Loredani".

In addition to the Venetian branch, there was also a Sicilian branch (Loredans of Sicily).[7]

Cadet branches

Throughout history, the family was organised and divided into many branches, most of which were traditionally named after Venetian toponyms, usually parishes, as was common with Venetian nobility. Some of the branches are: Santo Stefano (extinct in 1767), San Pantaleone della Frescada, San Cancian, San Vio, Santa Maria (Formosa and Nova), San Luca, San Marcilian, Sant’Aponal etc. Pietro Loredan, a member of the San Cancian branch, is also the progenitor of the branches of Santa Maria Formosa and Nova by his sons Giacomo and Polo.

Santo Stefano

The family branch of Santo Stefano (also called San Vitale) was settled in the Palazzo Loredan in Campo S. Stefano.[8] The progenitor of this branch is considered to be Gerolamo Loredan di S. Vitale, father of Doge Leonardo Loredan. Besides Leonardo, the branch also gave Doge Francesco Loredan, as well as Dogaressa Caterina Loredan and the ambassador Francesco Loredan. This branch was also significant as its members were feudal owners of the towns of Barban and Rakalj in Istria, which they acquired in an auction in 1535 for 14,700 ducats. The main (agnatic) line of the branch of Santo Stefano ended with Andrea di Girolamo Loredan, who died young in 1750, though the branch became extinct in 1767 with the death of Giovanni Loredan, brother of Doge Francesco.[9]

San Pantaleone della Frescada

The family branch of San Pantaleone della Frescada was settled around the Church of San Pantaleone Martire in the Dorsoduro district of Venice, near the Rio della Frescada canal. This branch was the one that gave Doge Pietro Loredan.

San Cancian

The family branch of San Cancian was settled in the Palazzo Loredan a San Cancian in the Cannaregio district of Venice. This branch is known to have produced an illustrious dynasty of admirals and politicians including Pietro Loredan (1372-1438), Alvise Loredan (1393-1466), Giacomo Loredan (1396-1471), Giorgio Loredan (d. 1475), Antonio Loredan (1446-1514), as well as the Duke of Candia Giovanni Loredan (d. 1420).

Santa Maria

The family branch of Santa Maria was settled around the churches of Santa Maria Formosa and Santa Maria dei Miracoli. Its progenitor is considered to be the admiral and procurator Pietro Loredan, by his sons Giacomo and Polo. One of its most notable members is Antonio Loredan, governor of Venetian Dalmatia, Albania and Morea, known for the successful defence of Scutari in 1474 from the Ottomans.[10] He was also the regent of the Duchy of the Archipelago, ruling while his nephew John IV Crispo was still a child.[11] Antonio also served as the Captain General of the Sea in the Venetian navy, as did his father and grandfather.[12] Other notable members include Giovanni Francesco Loredan, a writer and politician who played a significant role in the creation of modern opera with his Accademia degli Incogniti, as well as Marco Loredan, who was a senator and politician, as well as Count of Brescia, Feltre, Rovigo, Salò and Famagusta.[13]

A part of the family branch of Santa Maria has been settled on the Dalmatian island of Ugljan (today part of Croatia) since the 18th century.[c] They generally did not use the Loredan name in the 19th and 20th centuries, although some members of the family were known as Santa Maria. Descendants of the branch today still live on the island, as well as in London.

San Vio

The family branch of San Vio (with the Palazzo Loredan Cini) was settled in Campo San Vio in the Dorsoduro district of Venice. The branch still exists today.

History

13th century

The Loredan family has been occupying hereditary seats on the Great Council since the Great Council Lockout (Serrata del Maggior Consiglio) of 1297, by which the membership in the Great Council of Venice became a hereditary title, and was limited to the families inscribed in the Golden Book of Italian nobility.[14] This resulted in the exclusion of minor aristocrats and plebeians from participating in the Government of the Republic.[15][d]

14th century

Tomb of Paolo Loredan (d.~1372), Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo

Marco Loredan, who lived in the 14th century was elected as Procurator of Saint Mark, one of the highest political positions in the Venetian Republic, and was one of the electors of Doge Andrea Dandolo. Contemporary to him are Paolo Loredan, a military general who distinguished himself in the highest military positions of land and sea, and Alvise Loredan, who also became Procurator of Saint Mark.[9]

The Loredans are characterised by many interesting things and stories, one of which took place in the early 14th century: In 1316, Zanotto Loredan was seriously ill, so much so that it was thought he was dead, so the people took him to the church of San Matteo in Murano for burial. After the funeral rite, they wanted to deposit the body in the tomb, when someone noticed that the color of his face had changed. They took him to the convent hospital, warmed him and he recovered. Later he continued to live normally, married and had children.[16][17]

15th century

Portrait of Antonio Loredan, by Giacomo Piccini, 1662, British Museum, London

One of the important members of the family in the 15th century was Pietro Loredan, who was three times Captain General of the Sea; in 1416 he conquered several Dalmatian strongholds and later defeated the Ottomans at Gallipoli, capturing fifteen galleys; in 1431 he defeated the Genoese and Milanese in Rapallo, achieving the capture of eight galleys and General Francesco Spinola. Pietro died in 1439.[18] He was buried in the Monastery of St. Helena, and the funeral inscription explicitly indicates poisoning as the cause of Pietro Loredan's death. Many historians identify the principal to be his long-time rival, Doge Francesco Foscari, whose enmity with the deceased Pietro was well-known.[19] In the popular imagination, the names of the Foscari and Loredan remain linked to a sort of generational feud, partly documented, partly due to certain historiographic forcing; and yet it is undeniable how, in the crucial moments that marked the life of Francesco and his son Jacopo Foscari, a Loredan was always present.[19]

His son Giacomo Loredan was a general and defeated the Ottomans in 1464.[20]

Also significant at this time was Alvise Loredan (1393-1466), who became a galley captain at a young age and served with distinction as a military commander, with a long record of battles against the Ottomans, from the naval expeditions to aid Thessalonica, to the Crusade of Varna, and the opening stages of the Ottoman-Venetian war, as well as the Wars in Lombardy against the Duchy of Milan.[21] The Loredans were proponents of Venice's traditional, maritime orientation, and viewed with distrust its expansion on the Italian mainland (the Terraferma), which had brought it into conflict with Milan. Alvise Loredan shared this view, as can be seen from a proposal he brought before the Great Council in February 1442, ordering the governors of Bergamo to demolish its fortifications as a sign of goodwill and trust towards Visconti, following the conclusion of peace with Milan at the Treaty of Cremona.[12] He also served in a number of high government positions, as provincial governor, Savio del Consiglio, and Procuratore de Supra of Saint Mark’s Basilica, and was Count of Bergamo and Belluno. He died in Venice on the 6th of March 1466, and was buried in the Church of Santa Maria dei Servi.[21]

Antonio Loredan (1420-1482) was captain of Venetian-held Scutari and governor in Split (Venetian Dalmatia), Venetian Albania and the Morea.[22] He is famous for the successful defence of Scutari from Sultan Mehmed II's Ottoman forces led by Hadım Suleiman Pasha.[10] According to some sources, when the Scutari garrison complained for lack of food and water, Loredan told them: "If you are hungry, here is my flesh; if you are thirsty, I give you my blood."[23] He also served as the Captain General of the Sea and is notable for commissioning the Legend of Saint Ursula (1497/98), a series of large wall-paintings by Vittore Carpaccio originally created for Scuola di Sant'Orsola which was under the patronage of the Loredan family. Antonio also ruled as the regent of the Duchy of the Archipelago after his sister, the Duchess Taddea Caterina Loredan was murdered by her husband Francesco III Crispo, who was then deported and imprisoned, and their son John IV Crispo was still too young to rule. Taddea tried to escape from Francesco, who was known as the "Mad Duke", after he had attacked her, and she fled to the castle of her cousin Lucrezia Loredan, Lady of Ios and Therasia, where Francesco had followed her a day later and attacked her again, on the 15th of May 1510, now murdering her.[11]

Antonio Loredan (1446-1514) was the Duke of Friuli, and ambassador to the Papal States, the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.[24]

In that same century, Luigi and Giacomo Loredan, both Procurators of Saint Mark, distinguished themselves with important political positions.

Leonardo Loredan, born in 1436 to Gerolamo Loredan di S. Vitale and Donata Donà di Natale, was the first doge of the Loredan family. He had a good classical education, focusing on literature, after which he devoted himself to trade in Africa and the Levant to increase the family’s finances, where he made his fortune.[25] In 1461, he married Giustina Giustiniani, of the wealthy branch of S. Moisè, with whom he had nine children: Lorenzo (who became Procurator of St. Mark's), Girolamo (the only one to continue the branch), Alvise, Vincenzo (died in Tripoli in 1499), Bernardo, Donata, Maria (wife of Giovanni Venier, of the branch that gave birth to Doge Francesco Venier), Paola (wife of Giovanni Alvise Venier, descendant of Doge Antonio Venier), and Elisabetta.[26]

Leonardo’s political ascent began at the age of nineteen, when he became a lawyer in the “Giudici di Petizion”, a magistracy concerned mainly with financial scandals and bankruptcies, for which he had Filippo Loredan as guarantor. During his political career, he held multiple high positions such as chamberlain of the Comùn, wise man of the Council, podestà of Padua, and Procurator of Saint Mark's.[27] On the 31st of March, 1495, he was one of the three designated by Doge Agostino Barbarigo to negotiate the alliance between Venice, Pope Alexander VI, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg, the Spanish rulers Ferdinand V and Isabella I and the Duke of Milan Ludovico Maria Sforza (King Henry VII of England also joined), with the aim of countering the military operations of the King of France Charles VIII who had, almost without encountering military resistance, entered Naples in February. The army of the League, led by the Marquis of Mantua Francesco II Gonzaga, in the Battle of Fornovo on the 6th of July forced the French army to withdraw from Italian territory. In October of the same year, Loredan signed the agreement for the conduct of Niccolò Orsini, count of Pitigliano, to the services of the Republic of Venice as governor general of the land militias for the period of three to four years. In January of 1497, Loredan, with the wise man of the Terraferma Lodovico Venier, ratified the surrender of Taranto on behalf of the Doge.

16th century

On the death of Doge Agostino Barbarigo (20th September, 1501), Leonardo Loredan was one of the designated candidates in the election of the new doge, which began on the 27th of September and ended on the 2nd of October with Loredan coming out first with 27 votes in the sixth hand of the first ballot.[28] The election was successful thanks to his and his wife’s influential relations and the sudden death of the most popular opponent, the wealthy procurator Filippo Tron, son of Doge Nicolò Tron.[29] Leonardo became the 75th Doge of the Venetian Republic and his dogeship is considered one of the most important in the history of Venice.[30][31][32]

Ottoman-Venetian War

At the time of his accession to the dogeship, Venice was engaged in the second Ottoman-Venetian war[33], and Leonardo had lost his cousin Andrea Loredan, a naval officer, in the disastrous Battle of Zonchio.[34] The war proceeded badly on land too, with the Venetians losing considerable territory.[35] This included the strategic city of Modon, which was the site of a bloody battle involving hand-to-hand combat, followed by the beheading of hundreds of Venetians following the Turkish victory.[35] The war took a heavy toll on the Venetian economy, and in 1502/1503 Loredan agreed a peace treaty with the Ottomans.[36] He was helped in negotiations by Andrea Gritti, a Venetian who had been conducting trade in Constantinople and would later become Doge of Venice himself.[37]

War of the League of Cambrai

Upon the death of Pope Alexander VI in 1503, Venice occupied several territories in the northern Papal States. When Julius II was elected as Alexander's eventual successor, the Venetians expected their seizure of papal territory to be tacitly accepted, as Julius had been nicknamed Il Veneziano for his pro-Venetian sympathies.[38][39] But instead the new Pope excommunicated the Republic and demanded the land be returned. The Republic of Venice, although willing to acknowledge Papal sovereignty over these port cities along the Adriatic coast and willing to pay Julius II an annual tribute, refused to surrender the cities themselves.[40] In 1508, Julius formed an alliance called the League of Cambrai, uniting the Papal States with France, the Holy Roman Empire and several other Christian states.[41]

The Doge's problems did not end in Europe. In 1509, the Battle of Diu took place, in India, where the Portuguese fleet defeated an Ottoman and Mameluk fleet, which had been transferred from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea with Venetian help. The defeat marked the end of the profitable Spice trade, which was bought by Venetians from the Mameluks in Egypt and in turn monopolised its sale in Europe, reaping great revenues from it.[42]

The Triumph of Venice (1737), by Pompeo Batoni, featuring Doge Leonardo Loredan

After losing to the league's forces at the Battle of Agnadello, Venice found its holdings in Italy shrinking drastically.[43] Soon Padua, Venice's most strategically vital Terraferma holding, had fallen, and Venice itself was threatened. Loredan united the population, calling for sacrifice and total mobilisation. Padua was retaken, though Venice was still forced to accept a reluctant peace, following which it joined the Pope as only a junior ally in his new war against the French.[44] The alliance was on the verge of victory, but a dispute arose over territory. Emperor Maximilian refused to surrender any Imperial territory, which in his eyes included most of the Veneto, to the Republic; to this end, he signed an agreement with the Pope to exclude Venice entirely from the final partition. When the Republic objected, Julius threatened to reform the League of Cambrai. In response, Venice turned to Louis; on 23rd March 1513, a treaty pledging to divide all of northern Italy between France and the Republic was signed at Blois.[45] Under this alliance with the French King Louis XII, the Venetians achieved a decisive victory over the Papal States, and were able to secure back all the territories they had lost.[46] In addition, the Papacy was forced to repay many outstanding debts to the Loredan family totaling approximately 500,000 ducats, an enormous sum of money.[47]

The end of the war and the behavior of the doge, who perhaps thought he should enjoy the last years of his life rather than dedicate them to the administration of the state, led to a certain frivolity in Venetian society.[48] Financial scandals were the order of the day and many public offices were bought at disproportionate prices rather than obtained on merit. In this period the doge bought titles and offices for children and relatives, making the most of his influence.

Despite Loredan's wishes, he could not lead this pleasant life for long as he began to suffer from health problems. Around the first days of June of 1521 his health began to deteriorate and soon gangrene developed in his leg. Any intervention was useless and the gangrene spread, killing him in the night between 20 and 21 June.[49] It is said that, to warn the councilors and regents of the state, the news of his death was silenced by the doge's own son and was communicated only in the late morning.[48]

Interestingly, the commercialism and non-exemplary behaviour of his final years did not escape the watchful eye of the Inquisitors of the Dead, a magistracy created after the death of Francesco Foscari, charged with investigating the final "account" of the doge. Perhaps the trial was artfully mounted for political purposes but certainly there were incriminating motives, because the heirs of the doge, despite being defended by the lawyer Carlo Contarini, one of the best of the time, were sentenced to a hefty fine of 9,500 ducats.[49]

Leonardo Loredan died in Venice on the 22nd of June, 1521. The death, which occurred between eight and nine, was kept secret until sixteen at the behest of the children who, during their father's agony, had no regard for transporting furniture and objects from the doge's apartment to their residence. As is customary, the body was subjected to embalming practices. On the morning of June 23rd, after the body was moved to the Piovego room of the Doge's Palace, the coffin was closed. At the solemn funeral the eulogy was read by the scholar Andrea Navagero, and Pietro Bembo, then abbot and secretary of Pope Leo X, was also present.[26][48]

Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan, by Francesco Maggiotto

Loredan died "with great fame as a prince".[50] He was interred in the church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, in a simple tomb with a celestial marble headstone without inscription, placed above the steps of the main altar and now no longer existing.[51] In about 1572, and after some disputes between the Loredan heirs and the friars of the church, a funeral monument was erected for him, divided into three parts and adorned with Corinthian columns in Carrara marble, placed to the left of the main altar, with architecture by Girolamo Grappiglia, and adorned with an extremely lifelike statue, an early work by the sculptor Girolamo Campagna, which depicts him in the act of "getting up and boldly throwing himself in defence of Venice against Europe conspired in Cambrai".[52] On its right was the statue of Venice with sword in hand and on the left that of the League of Cambrai, with the shield adorned with the heraldic coats of arms of the opposing powers (these, and the others in the monument were done by Danese Cattaneo, a pupil of Sansovino).[53][54]

Inscription on the Tomb of Doge Leonardo Loredan

Numerous portraits of Doge Leonardo Loredan have been painted, most famous of which are those by Giovanni Bellini and Vittore Carpaccio.[55][56][57]

Leonardo Loredan was succeeded by Doge Antonio Grimani in 1521, who was married to Leonardo’s sister, Dogaressa Caterina Loredan: “The Loredanian tradition for patriotism and nobility was handed on in the gracious personage of Dogaressa Caterina Loredan, sister of Doge Leonardo Loredan – the Consort of his successor Doge Antonio Grimani.”[50]

In 1535, Venice ceded the town of Barban in Istria (today part of Croatia) to the Loredan family, which had acquired it in an auction, as a heritable possession. The family made it their summer residence.[16]

Portrait of Doge Pietro Loredan, by Jacopo Tintoretto

Pietro Loredan, born in 1482, became the 84th Doge of Venice and the second doge that the Loredan family gave. He was the third son of Alvise di Polo di Francesco Loredan, and his mother, Isabella Barozzi, came from one of the oldest Venetian noble families. Pietro had an intense but not necessarily prestigious political career, which he accompanied with the care of commercial interests according to the family tradition. Pietro married Maria Pasqualigo, and then Maria Lucrezia di Lorenzo Capello, with whom he had a son, Alvise Loredan (1521-1593), who continued the lineage with numerous offspring.[58]

Present in 1509 and in 1510 in the defense of Padua and Treviso, he made his debut in public life in 1510 as a sopracomito. In April 1511 he was elected a Senator, and he intervened in the Senate, asking for the reduction of the sum that the Jews had to pay for their "conduct" and ruled in favor of a league with France, also willing to sell Cremona and Ghiara d'Adda in exchange for other territories. In 1513 he left again to defend Padua and Treviso and, available for military roles, he offered to fill the positions of administrator of the Stradioti and the administrator of Adria. He refused his appointment as consul in Alexandria in 1516, when he intensified his entrepreneurial activity: in 1517 Pietro, together with his brothers, armed a ship to transport pilgrims to the Holy Land and the following year he set up a market galley on the Alexandria route.[59]

Doge Pietro Loredan Beseeching the Virgin, by Palma il Giovane

Business did not, however, distract him from public service, as evidenced by the various candidacies and the appointment in the College of the Twenty Wise Men, while his financial fortune allowed him to enter the committee of guarantors of Banco Priuli. In 1545 he was one of the nine electors of Doge Francesco Donà; between 1546 and 1549 he ran several times for the Council of Ten, in which, after another stint in the Senate (1549), he entered at the beginning of 1550, becoming its head. Later in the year he became ducal councilor for the Dorsoduro district. In the 1550s, Pietro consolidated his personal prestige, sat assiduously in the Senate, in the Council of Ten, as well as in the Signoria as ducal councilor. In 1559 he was included among the forty-one electors of Doge Girolamo Priuli.[60]

On the 29th of November, 1567 he was elected doge, which came as a surprise for him. "A man of 85 years, but very prosperous.", wrote of him the papal nuncio Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti, who would later become Pope Innocent IX.[61] Considered a figure of little political importance, his dogeship was considered the most suitable because it was transitory and politically harmless. Religious and morally upright, educated, and of uncommon wisdom, Pietro was reluctant at the beginning, but in the two and a half years of his reign showed recognized qualities of balance and prudence.[58]

Pietro Loredan died on the 3rd of May, 1570. On the 7th, the state funeral was organised in San Marco, instead of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, due to bad weather. Pietro’s body was carried in the cloister of S. Giobbe and buried in the family ark.

Doge Pietro Loredan was portrayed in the ducal palace by Domenico Tintoretto and the painting placed in the Senate room, and by Jacopo Tintoretto for the one in the Scrutinio room.[62]

17th century

Portrait of Giovanni Francesco Loredan, by Giacomo Piccini

Giovanni Francesco Loredan, born in 1607, was a writer and politician. He was born in Venice as the son of Lorenzo Loredan and Leonora Boldù. When both of his parents died while he was very young, he was raised by his uncle Antonio Boldù and had as his teacher Antonio Colluraffi.[63][64]

He divided his youth between hard study and an extravagant lifestyle.[65] He attended the classes of renowned Aristotelian philosopher Cesare Cremoni in Padua and began, before 1623, to gather around him the group of scholars who then formed the Accademia degli Incogniti, also called the Loredanian academy.[66] As founder of the Accademia degli Incogniti and a member of many other Academies, he had close contact with almost all the scholars of his time.[67] He and his circle played a decisive role in the creation of modern opera.[68][69] In addition to literary activity, he also took part in public affairs.[70] At twenty he was recorded in the Golden Book, but his career began quite late: in September 1632 he was elected 'Savio agli Ordini' and in 1635 he was Treasurer of the fortress of Palmanova. On his return he reorganized the Accademia degli Incogniti (1636) and, in 1638, despite attempts to avoid it, he was obliged, as the only descendant of his branch, to contract marriage with Laura Valier.[71] He was then Provveditore ai Banchi (1640), 'Provveditore alle Pompe' (1642), and in 1648 he made the leap to the rank of avogador del Comùn that he held several times (1651, 1656 and 1657) and 'Provveditore alle Biave'(1653).[72] He subsequently joined the offices of the State Inquisitor and became a member of the Council of Ten. In 1656 he entered the Minor Consiglio, that is, among the six patricians who, together with the doge, composed the Serenissima Signoria. However, he may then have been pushed out of office, as in the following years he no longer held important positions. In 1660 he was a Provveditore in Peschiera. The following year (13th of August 1661) he died.[73]

Dogaressa Paolina Loredan was the daughter of Lorenzo Loredan and wife of Doge Carlo Contarini, whom she married on the 22nd of February 1600 in the Church of San Polo. She was an “immensely stout woman and incredibly plain-looking”, and therefore she decided she would not appear in public due to fear of being mocked by the populace.[50] On the façade of the Church of San Vitale, Giuseppe Guoccola sculptured the busts of Doge Carlo and Dogaressa Paolina Loredan, placed there in gratitude of their noble bequests to the clergy.

In the second half of the century, Francesco Loredan (1656-1715) is notable as he was the Venetian ambassador to Vienna during the Treaty of Karlowitz peace negotiations.[12][74]

18th century

Portrait of Doge Francesco Loredan, by Jacopo Guarana

Francesco Loredan, born in 1685, was the 116th Doge of Venice and the third and last of the Loredan family. He served as Doge from the 18th of March 1752, until his death on the 19th of May 1762. Loredan was elected doge on the 18th of March 1752 but the announcement was made on the 6th of April, postponed because of Easter.[75] By this point, the dogal figure had lost nearly all his power and he quickly adapted to this new situation. As Giacomo Nani wrote in 1756, Loredan was able to face the burdens of becoming doge and exercising the office because his family was one of those of the "first class", that is, "very rich" families.[76] In 1741 he declared revenues of nearly 11,000 ducats; in 1758 alone he spent almost 43,000 for dogal endeavours and when he died, his income still exceeded 118,000 ducats. This was joined by the very extensive family landholdings. The costs of election feasts have often been incorrectly estimated, even by contemporaries (a 1772 writing in the Loredan files speaks of 90,000 ducats, while Samuele Romanin estimates them to be around 21,700).[77] The surviving list of the individual items, however, allows us to estimate the cost at just over 38,600 ducats (of these, 2310 for the orchestra, 7635 for refreshments, 5800 donated to the people and 2140 to the arsenalotti). The figure for the celebrations seems incredibly high, with Romanin estimating it to be much higher than previous doges and unsurpassed by several successors.[77] Despite this, one of the sonnets composed for the occasion complained of insufficient results, mocking the music and claiming that the "machine" of fireworks had funerary references. The expenses in the first year of his dogeship are also impressive, spending more than 117,000 ducats, including 6250 spent on furs.[78]

Prodigal and generous, he was described "father of the poor" in two paintings by Pietro Longhi.[79] He did not have a particular interest in culture and had a limited library showing only a certain activism in the artistic field; in addition to being portrayed by minor painters such as Bartolomeo Nazzari and Fortunato Pasquetti, he designed the reconstruction of the commercial maps of territories and countries in the Sala dello Scudo in the ducal palace and the portraits of the last forty-six doges in the Sala dello Scrutinio.[79] He also had Giuseppe Angeli fresco part of the noble floor of the family palace in S. Stefano. But his more constant interest than himself was the management of the family estate. In addition to the famous palace, two buildings in S. Stefano and a house in San Basso, from the tithing census of 1739 and from other sources there were at least 76 houses and shops owned in various districts of Venice and Mazzorbo.[79] There were also many buildings, agricultural lands and fields in the Venetian hinterland (Marghera, Meolo), in the Polesine (Canda, Anguillara Veneta, S. Martino di Venezze, Rovigo, Badia Polesine, Polesella) and in the Paduan area (Montagnana, Cittadella, Piove di Sacco, Altichiero), Trevigiano (Monastier, Conegliano, Asolo), Vicentino (Noventa Vicentina) and Verona, Friuli (Latisana) and Istria (Rovigno and Barban).[79] Particularly important are the villas and land in Stra, Canda and Noventa Vicentina. It seems that these possessions, until 1755 in co-ownership with uncle Giovanni di Leonardo, brother of his father, largely dated back to the marriage, in the 1620s, of Francesca Barbarigo with Francesco Loredan, Loredan's great-grandfather. According to an estimate of 1755, the ex-Barbarigo lands yielded 11,000 ducats per year.[79]

Coin featuring Doge Francesco Loredan, 1758

One of the biggest issues in domestic politics at the time was the clash between the conservatives and the reformers. The latter wanted to substantially reform the Republic and sought to build internal reforms. The conservative pressure groups were able to block these plans and imprisoned or exiled the reformist leaders, such as Angelo Querini, an important figure of the Venetian Enlightenment. The Doge did not want to show favour to one side or the other, so he remained totally passive and limited his support to making it easier for the winning side, thereby losing his chance to change the fate of the dying republic.[79] By impeding the development of the reformist ideas, he possibly caused the small economic boom which started around 1756 with the outbreak of the Seven Years' War. The neutrality of the Republic during this time allowed the merchants to trade in huge markets without competitors. The French defeat even allowed Venice to become the biggest market for eastern spices.

Interestingly, in 1752, Francesco offered the Palazzo Loredan dell'Ambasciatore as a residence for the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire, and the first Imperial ambassador to live there was Count Philip Joseph Orsini-Rosenberg. In 1759, Loredan was awarded the Golden Rose by Pope Clement XIII, becoming the first and only doge to obtain the award.[79]

At one point the Doge, who was old and tired by then, seemed about to die but recovered and lived for another year, until his death on the 19th of May 1762. The funeral took place on May 25th, and he was buried in the basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, in Leonardo Loredan’s dogal tomb. The funeral cost an impressive sum of around 18,700 ducats, and was paid for by Francesco's brother Giovanni.[80][79]

Interestingly, the famed author and adventurer Giacomo Casanova was locked in the notorious lead chambers under Francesco Loredan's government in 1755 for suspicious activities, from which he managed his spectacular escape.[81]

During this time, the Loredan family was incredibly wealthy and owned numerous palaces.

The main line of the family branch of Santo Stefano ended in 1750 with Andrea di Girolamo Loredan who died young, and the branch became extinct in 1767 with the death of Giovanni Loredan, brother of Doge Francesco.[79]

19th century

After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797, some branches of the family were named on the basis of Venetian toponyms: San Luca, San Giovanni in Bragora, San Pantaleone etc.[82]

Antonio Francesco di Domenico Loredan held the title of count in the Austrian Empire, and his brothers were also listed in the official list of nobles.[16][83]

20th century

In the 1950s, Count Piero Loredan, descendant of Doge Leonardo Loredan, founded the Conte Loredan Gasparini winery. He chose the territory of Vignigazzu to establish his home in a grand Palladian villa - The Villa Loredan at Paese.[84] The winery is located in Venegazzù di Volpago del Montello, in the Veneto region, in the heart of the Marca Trevigiana, an area famous for the production of wines since the 16th century.

Barchessa Loredan

In the 1960s, Countess Nicoletta Loredan Moretti degli Adimari founded the Barchessa Loredan winery, located in Selva del Montello, within a 16th-century Palladian barchessa. The Barchessa Loredan is a magnificent example of Palladian architecture. The noble residence was built in the 16th century; originally it was part of a vast complex which also included a large villa destroyed in 1840. The imposing Barchessa remains of the original complex, with the entrance gates and part of the surrounding wall. The building consists of nine arches with a volute keystone and framed by Doric pilasters supporting a molded entablature, which extends over the entire ground floor. Above the portico rises the first floor, with a very large attic, perfectly restored, in which the most significant memories of the Loredan family are preserved.[85]

Titles

Throughout history, members of the Loredan family held numerous noble and political titles, some of which include:

Title Type Modern country
Doge of Venice noble and political  Italy
Dogaressa of Venice noble and political  Italy
Procurator of St. Mark noble and political  Italy
Regent of the Archipelago noble  Greece
Duchess of the Archipelago noble  Greece
Duke of the Kingdom of Candia noble and political  Greece
Duke of the Kingdom of the Morea noble and political  Greece
Duke of Dalmatia noble and political  Croatia
Duke of Albania noble and political  Albania
Duke of Corfu noble and political  Greece
Duke of Friuli noble and political  Italy
Count of Treviso noble and political  Italy
Count of Rovigo noble and political  Italy
Count of Legnago noble and political  Italy
Count of Padua noble and political  Italy
Count of Palmanova noble and political  Italy
Count of Brescia noble and political  Italy
Count of Peschiera del Garda noble and political  Italy
Count of Bergamo noble and political  Italy
Count of Belluno noble and political  Italy
Count of Crema noble and political  Italy
Count of Cremona noble and political  Italy
Count of Feltre noble and political  Italy
Count of Salò noble and political  Italy
Count of Zara noble and political  Croatia
Count of Spalato noble and political  Croatia
Count of Pula noble and political  Croatia
Count of Kotor noble and political  Montenegro
Count of Scutari noble and political  Albania
Count of Famagusta noble and political  Cyprus
Lord of Antiparos noble  Greece
Lord of Bertinoro noble  Italy
Lord of Ormelle noble  Italy
Lord of Barban and Rakalj noble  Croatia
Lady of Ios noble  Greece
Lady of Therasia noble  Greece
Lady of Naxos noble  Greece
Lady of Paros noble  Greece
Bailo of Corfu diplomatic  Greece
Bailo of Negroponte diplomatic  Greece
Ambassador of the Republic diplomatic  Austria,  France
Captain General of the Sea naval  Greece
Captain of the Gulf naval  Montenegro
Savio del Consiglio political  Italy
Avogador de Comùn legal  Italy
Archbishop of Zara ecclesiastical  Croatia
Bishop of Nona ecclesiastical  Croatia
Bishop of Novigrad ecclesiastical  Croatia
Bishop of Capo d'Istria ecclesiastical  Slovenia
Bishop of Castello ecclesiastical  Italy

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the Loredan family features a shield of yellow (top) and blue (bottom) with six laurel (or rose) flowers pictured on it; three in the yellow and three in the blue area. On top of the crest stands the corno ducale, the ceremonial crown and well-known symbol of the Doge of Venice.

It is displayed on multiple buildings and palaces across the territories previously held by the Republic of Venice; from the Veneto and Friuli, Istria and Dalmatia, and in the more distant possessions such as the Ionian Islands and Crete. In Venice, it is even carved into the Rialto Bridge and the façade of St. Mark's Basilica.[3]

Genealogy

It is worth noting that all of the cadet branches most likely share a common ancestor, presumably Marco Loredan, as he was ascribed to the Great Council of the Republic in 1080, according to the 16th-century philosopher Jacopo Zabarella.[5][6]

Note: The only complete genealogical tree is that of the branch of Santo Stefano; genealogical trees of other branches are partial and do not feature recent members.

Santo Stefano

House of Loredan-Santo Stefano (Genealogy)
Nicolò Loredan
Gerolamo Loredan (d. 1474)Donata Donà
Giustina Giustiniani (d. 1500)Doge's Crown.svg
Leonardo Loredan (1436-1521)
Caterina Loredan GrimaniDoge's Crown.svg
Antonio Grimani (1434-1523)
Pietro Loredan (1466-1510)
Lorenzo Loredan (1462-1534)Girolamo Loredan (1468-1532)Alvise Loredan (1472-1521)Bernardo Loredan (1481-1519)Vincenzo Loredan (d. 1499)Donata Loredan GussoniMaria Loredan VenierGiovanni VenierPaola Loredan VenierElisabetta Loredan Priuli
Doge's Crown.svg
Francesco Venier (1489-1556)
Francesco LoredanFrancesca Barbarigo
Leonardo Loredan (d. 1675)
Andrea LoredanCaterina GrimaniFrancesco Loredan (1656-1715)Giovanni Loredan
Doge's Crown.svg
Francesco Loredan (1685-1762)
Girolamo LoredanCaterina CornaroGiovanni Loredan (d. 1767)Anna Maria VendraminFrancesco LoredanAntonio LoredanAntonio LoredanLeonardo LoredanLeonardo LoredanGirolamo LoredanContarina LoredanGiovanni Tommaso MocenigoAlba Loredan
Andrea Loredan (d. 1750)Caterina Loredan

Note: The branch of Santo Stefano is also known as the branch of San Vidal (San Vitale).[e]

Note: There are some generations missing between Girolamo Loredan (1468-1532) and Francesco Loredan (17th century).

Note: Giustina Giustiniani (d. 1500), the wife of Doge Leonardo Loredan (1436-1521), is also known as Morosina Giustiniani.

Note: Caterina Loredan Grimani, Dogaressa of Venice, is featured in the family tree as the daughter of Gerolamo Loredan (d. 1474) and Donata Donà because, in some sources, she is mentioned as the sister of Doge Leonardo Loredan (1436-1521), although she may have been a daughter of Domenico Loredan.

Interestingly, near the Palazzo Contarini-Sceriman and the nearby bridge, Leonardo Loredan (d. 1675) was found dead in a boat. The unexplained death was the source of many rumors, claiming accidental death, murder by relatives, or murder by the Inquisitors of the Republic.

Andrea Loredan (d. 1750) died young, thus ending the male (agnatic) line of the branch of Santo Stefano.

San Pantaleone della Frescada

House of Loredan-San Pantaleone della Frescada (Genealogy)
Francesco Loredan
Polo Loredan
Alvise LoredanIsabella Barozzi
Lucrezia CapelloDoge's Crown.svg
Pietro Loredan (1482-1570)
Alvise LoredanElena Emo
Elisabetta Loredan Foscari

Note: Alvise Loredan and Elena Emo had many children[58], but only Elisabetta Loredan Foscari is featured in the family tree.

Pietro Loredan (1482-1570) reigned as the 84th Doge of Venice from 1567 until his death in 1570.[58]

San Cancian

House of Loredan-San Cancian (Genealogy)
Alvise LoredanGiovanna (d. after 1404)Bertucci LoredanFantino Loredan
Campagnola LandoPietro Loredan (1372-1438)Giorgio LoredanGiovanni Loredan (d. 1420)Lorenzo LoredanMarina ContariniMarco Loredan
Polo LoredanGiacomo Loredan (1396-1471)Maria LoredanFrancesco Barbaro (1390-1454)Andriola NegrobonAlvise Loredan (1393-1466)Isabella CoccoGerolamo LoredanAntonio Loredan (1446-1514)Franchescina Mòro di BaldisseraAlvise LoredanTommaso LoredanAndriana LoredanGiorgio Loredan (d. 1475)Andrea Loredan
Francesco LoredanGiovanni LoredanMarco LoredanNicolò LoredanLorenzo Loredan
Santa Maria NovaSanta Maria Formosa

Note: In the Venetian language, Pietro Loredan (1372-1438) was known as Piero Loredan.[f]

Note: Besides the four sons and a daughter listed in the tree, Lorenzo Loredan and Marina Contarini had two other sons, Bortolo and Piero, but they died at childbirth.[24]

Alvise Loredan was an admiral and a procurator.

Pietro Loredan (1372-1438) was a distinguished military commander both on sea and on land.[86] He fought against the Ottomans, winning the Battle of Gallipoli (1416), played a leading role in the conquest of Dalmatia in 1411–1420, and participated in several campaigns against Venice's Italian rivals, Genoa and Milan, to secure Venice's mainland domains (Terraferma). He also held a number of senior political positions as Avogador de Comùn, ducal councillor, and governor of Zara, Friuli, and Brescia, and was honoured with the position of Procurator of St Mark's in 1425.[87]

Giovanni Loredan (d. 1420) was the Duke of Candia.

Giacomo Loredan (1396-1471) was an admiral.

Alvise Loredan (1393-1466) served with distinction as a military commander, with a long record of battles against the Ottomans, from the naval expeditions to aid Thessalonica, to the Crusade of Varna, and the opening stages of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1463–1479, as well as the Wars in Lombardy against the Duchy of Milan. He also served in a number of high government positions, as provincial governor, Savio del consiglio, and Procuratore de Supra of Saint Mark's Basilica.[21]

Santa Maria Formosa

House of Loredan-Santa Maria Formosa (Genealogy)
Alvise LoredanGiovanna (d. after 1404)
Pietro Loredan (1372-1438)Campagnola LandoGiorgio LoredanGiovanni Loredan (d. 1420)
Polo LoredanGiacomo Loredan (1396-1471)Beatrice MarcelloMaria LoredanFrancesco Barbaro (1390-1454)
Francesco III Crispo (d. 1511)Taddea Caterina Loredan (d. 1510)Antonio Loredan (1420-1482)Orsola PisaniLuca Loredan
San Cancian
John IV Crispo (1500-1564)Giovanni LoredanMarco LoredanJacopo Loredan
Santa Maria Nova
Giacomo IV Crispo (d. 1576)
Gianfrancesco Loredan
Maria LoredanLorenzo Loredan (d. 1608)Leonora Boldù (d. 1609)
Giovanni Francesco Loredan (1607-1661)Laura Valier
Antonio Loredan (b. 1641)Antonio Alberto Loredan (b. 1644)Ottavio Loredan (b. 1648)Lorenzo Loredan (b. 1649)Elena Loredan

Note: Giacomo Loredan (1396-1471) and Beatrice Marcello had several children[19], although only Antonio Loredan is featured in this genealogical tree.

Note: Antonio Loredan (1420-1482) and Orsola Pisani had many children[88], although only three sons (Giovanni, Marco, Jacopo) are featured in this genealogical tree.[12][89]

Note: There are some generations missing between Giovanni Loredan and Gianfrancesco Loredan.

Pietro, Giacomo and Antonio Loredan all held the title of Captain General of the Sea of the Venetian navy.[12][90]

Santa Maria Nova

House of Loredan-Santa Maria Nova (Genealogy)
Alvise LoredanGiovanna (d. after 1404)
Pietro Loredan (1372-1438)Campagnola LandoGiorgio LoredanGiovanni Loredan (d. 1420)
Beatrice MarcelloGiacomo Loredan (1396-1471)Polo LoredanMaria LoredanFrancesco Barbaro (1390-1454)
San Cancian
Alvise Loredan (d. 1502)Argentina Vincenzina Contarini
Santa Maria Formosa
Alessandro LoredanLorenzo LoredanMarco Loredan (1489-1557)Elisabetta Contarini
Alvise Loredan (1533-1560)Nicolò Loredan (1534-1560)Giovanni Loredan (1537-1571)Polo Loredan (1540-1593)Pietro Loredan (1541-1565)

Note: Alvise Loredan (d. 1502) and Argentina Vincenzina Contarini had 10 children - 4 sons and 6 daughters, although only Alessandro, Lorenzo and Marco Loredan (1489-1557) are featured in the genealogical tree.[58]

Note: Besides the five sons listed, Marco Loredan (1489-1557) and Elisabetta Contarini also had daughters.

Alvise Loredan (d. 1502) was a military general.

Alvise Loredan (1533-1560) was assassinated in 1560.

Giovanni Loredan (1537-1571) was killed in the Echinades, Ionian Sea, as a commander of a galley in the Battle of Lepanto.

Polo Loredan (1540-1493) was the one to continue the lineage.

Notable members

Antonio Loredan (on the right) and a Young Man, by Vittore Carpaccio, 1495, Gallerie dell'Accademia

Marco Loredan lived in the 11th century and is possibly the oldest known ancestor of the Loredan family, besides Gaius Mucius Scaevola, who is considered the traditional progenitor of the family. According to the 16th-century philosopher Jacopo Zabarella, Marco was ascribed to the Great Council of the Republic in 1080, due to his family's nobility and wealth.[5][6]

Zanotto Loredan is known for an event which took place in the early 14th century; in 1316, he was seriously ill, so much so that it was thought he was dead, so the people took him to the church of San Matteo in Murano for burial. After the funeral rite, they wanted to deposit the body in the tomb, when someone noticed that the color of his face had changed. They took him to the convent hospital, warmed him and he recovered. Later he continued to live normally, married and had children.[16]

Paolo Loredan (d.~1372) was a military general who distinguished himself in the highest positions at land and sea.

Tomb of Paolo Loredan, Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo

Admiral Pietro Loredan (1372-1438), a famous member of the family, achieved two great victories, against the two rivals for power in the Mediterranean: over the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Gallipoli in June 1416, and over the Republic of Genoa near Rapallo in 1431. His attempt at being elected Doge of Venice was unsuccessful in 1423: he was defeated by his lifelong rival Francesco Foscari. Loredan was named general of the Republic in 1436 during a war with Mantua and was elected generalissimo in 1438, and was assassinated soon after.

Alvise Loredan (1393–1466) was a Venetian politician and commander of the fleet.

Giacomo Loredan (1396-1471) was a general and was elected Procuratore di San Marco de Citra in 1467.[91]

Antonio Loredan (1420–1482) was the captain of Venetian-held Scutari and governor of Split (Venetian Dalmatia), Albania Veneta, and Morea. He is best known for the successful defense of Scutari in 1474.[12][92] According to some sources, when the Scutari garrison complained for lack of food and water, Loredan told them: "If you are hungry, here is my flesh; if you are thirsty, I give you my blood."[23] He also ruled as the regent of the Duchy of the Archipelago after his sister, the Duchess Taddea Caterina was murdered by her husband Francesco III Crispo, who was then deported and imprisoned, and their son John IV Crispo was still too young to rule. He is also notable for commissioning the Legend of Saint Ursula (1497/98), a series of large wall-paintings by Vittore Carpaccio originally created for Scuola di Sant'Orsola which was under the patronage of the Loredan family.[90]

Antonio Loredan (1446-1514) was the Duke of Friuli, and ambassador the Papal States, the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.[24]

Andrea Loredan (1455-1499) was an admiral and the Duke of Corfu.[93][12]

Pietro Loredan was appointed captain of two Venetian galleys by Doge Nicolò Marcello in 1473-74.[94]

Tommaso Loredan was given a commission as captain of two Venetian galleys in 1490 by Doge Agostino Barbarigo.[95]

Andrea Loredan is known for commissioning the Ca' Loredan Vendramin Calergi to designs by Mauro Codussi. The Bust of Andrea Loredan, which is today featured in the Museo Correr, was sculptured by Antonio Rizzo, one of the greatest architects and sculptors of the Venetian Renaissance.[96][97] Joseph Lindon Smith depicted the bust in one of his paintings, which is today kept in the Harvard Art Museums.

Marco Loredan was a senator and politician, as well as Count of Brescia, Feltre, Rovigo, Salò and Famagusta.[13]

Giovanni Loredan, Lord of Antiparos, is notable for building the Castle of Antiparos in 1440 and bringing inhabitants to the island at his own expense. His daughter was Lucrezia Loredan, Lady of Antiparos.[98][99]

Bartolomeo, Girolamo, Antonio and Zorzi Loredan were counts of Zara in the 17th and 18th centuries,[100] while Antonio, Luigi, Giacomo and Girolamo Loredan were among the counts of Spalato.[101]

Marco Loredan and Antonio Loredan were dukes of Morea in the 18th century,[102] and some members of the family were dukes of Candia.

Antonio Loredan directs the assault for the liberation of Scutari from the siege by Sultan Mehmed II - Paolo Veronese, 1585, Doge's Palace

Further politicians were Giacomo Loredan (1396–1471), Giorgio Loredan (before 1404–1475), Antonio Loredan (1446–1514), Marco Loredan (1489–1557), Giovanni Francesco Loredan (1607–1661), Francesco Loredan (1656–1715), ambassador to Vienna.[103][104]

Among literary figures, Giovanni Francesco Loredan (1607–1661) is remembered for the Accademia degli Incogniti, also known as the Loredanian Academy, that he founded in 1630.[105]

Giovanni Loredan (lat. Ioannes Lauredanus), served as the Bishop of Koper from 1390 until his death on the 22nd of April, 1411.[106]

Marco Loredan (d. 1577) served as the Bishop of Nin from 1554 to 1577 and as the apostolic administrator and Archbishop of Zara from 1573 until his death in 1577.[107]

Teodoro Loredan Balbi (1745-1831) was an inquisitor in Pula and was anointed Bishop of Novigrad by Pope Pius VI in 1795, a position which he held until his death in 1831.

Doges of Venice

The family contributed three Doges: Leonardo Loredan (1501–1521), Pietro Loredan (1567–1570), and Francesco Loredan (1752–1762), of whom only the first truly set his mark on the history of Venice; the Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan by Giovanni Bellini (1501) makes his face familiar still.[108][109][110]

Portrait Name Birth Reign Death Burial Branch Parents Spouse
Giovanni Bellini, portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan.jpg Leonardo Loredan 16 Nov 1436 1501 - 1521 22 Jun 1521 Tomb of Doge Leonardo Loredan,

Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo

Santo Stefano Gerolamo Loredan

Donata Donà

Giustina Giustiniani
'Portrait of Doge Pietro Loredan', oil on canvas painting by Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti).jpg Pietro Loredan 1481 1567 - 1570 3 May 1570 Church of Saint Job San Pantaleone Alvise Loredan

Isabella Barozzi

Maria Pasqualigo,

Lucrezia Capello

Doge Francesco Loredan.jpg Francesco Loredan 9 Feb 1685 1752 - 1762 19 May 1762 Tomb of Doge Leonardo Loredan,

Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo

Santo Stefano Andrea Loredan

Caterina Grimani

none
  1. Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan, by Giovanni Bellini, 1501, National Gallery, London
  2. Portrait of Doge Pietro Loredan, by Jacopo Tintoretto, 1567, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth
  3. Portrait of Doge Francesco Loredan, by Fortunato Pasquetti

Influence

The family was a political dynasty from the 13th to the 18th century, with numerous members holding noble and political titles in virtually every home and overseas territory of the Republic of Venice.[16][103]

Istria Zastava Istarske županije.svg

Loredan coat of arms in Barban

Barban and Rakalj

On the 23rd of December, 1535, the Loredan family acquired the town of Barban in Istria (today part of Croatia) for 14,760 ducats, and ownership was held by the brothers Leonardo, Lorenzo and Francesco, of the Santo Stefano branch. At the time, Barban also included Rakalj, and the two territories were organized as a separate feud owned by the Loredan family, who owned it until the abolition of feudal rights in 1869.[16][2]

Loredan Palace in Barban

When the family acquired the towns, they built a palace in Rakalj, where they first settled. However, in 1606, the already existing castle in Barban was transformed into the family palace that still holds the Loredan coat of arms to this day. Still, the family made the town of Rakalj their summer residence due to its more pleasant climate and coastal location. The family managed the feud through their officer who held the title of captain.[16]

The Loredan Terminations

“The Loredan Terminations” were written orders of the Loredan family.[16] They were created for the purpose of communication between the masters who were in Venice and the family representatives in Istria. From them we can learn about the internal structure of the feud. The captain had political and judicial power, and was appointed by the Loredans. He had to reside permanently on the estate and participate in the election of prefects, deputy prefects and other officials. He had a chancellor who recorded all the documents in special books, and he also took care of the distribution of grain. Twelve judges, the prefect and the deputy prefect took care of the supply, solved smaller disputes and imposed lesser sentences. Church and fraternal goods were managed by the gastald and the municipal money was collected by the chamberlain. The Loredan terminations also deal with the prohibition of deforestation, management of municipal property, maintenance of cleanliness, burial of the dead, running of the fair, teaching of religion, civil law provisions, etc.[2]

Since the Loredans were the feudal owners of the towns, all residents from that area had a number of obligations to the family. The first painful obligation was - selling wine. The wine had to be sold to the inn chosen by the Loredans, at a price defined by the Loredans. Then the innkeeper would continue to sell the same wine at a much higher price, giving a percentage to the Loredans. In a situation like this, the villagers would get an awfully low price so they preferred to hide their wine in "unofficial" taverns, smuggling it and selling it on the black market. The outcome of this was that, in really good years, the Loredans had a very low income from the wine. Villagers would explain that the wine was drunk by their family members "so there was not much left to sell to the innkeeper". That is why the Loredans announced their first official decision (Termination) on the 6th of October, 1614. The decision determined in advance how much wine each family must sell to the innkeeper, whether the year was good or bad. By their decision the Loredans prohibited the wholesale of wine, or the sale of wine at a price different from the one they defined. There were also penalties for violation of the decision: whipping, imprisonment or exile to a galley. Since one decision did not solve anything, more decisions soon followed. However, the people weren't born yesterday; each decision they cunningly bypassed. To avoid one of the decisions the peasants started to pour water into wine which they had to sell to the innkeeper. As soon as the Loredans discovered the trick, they announced a new decision - pouring water into wine was forbidden. The next decision, due to the poor quality of the wine, determined the exact date when vintage begins... and so on.[2]

The Terminations are kept in the Croatian State Archives in Rijeka.[2]

Pula

Many family members served as the Chief Executive of Pula, holding the titles of Count and Provveditore.[111]

Name Period Title
Andrea Loredan 1362 - 1364 Count of Pula
Andrea Loredan 1381 - 1382 Count of Pula
Andrea Loredan 1415 - 1418 Count of Pula
Leonardo Loredan 1522 - 1524 Count of Pula
Marco Loredan 1672 Count of Pula and Provveditore
Pietro Loredan 1709 - 1710 Count of Pula and Provveditore
Giovan Domenico Loredan 1760 - 1761 Count of Pula and Provveditore

Giovanni Loredan (lat. Ioannes Lauredanus), served as the Bishop of Koper from 1390 until his death on the 22nd of April, 1411. He is buried in the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Koper, Slovenia. In some historical sources he is mentioned by the name of Giacomo or Slovenian Jakob.[106]

Teodoro Loredan Balbi (1745-1831) was an inquisitor in Pula and was anointed Bishop of Novigrad by Pope Pius VI in 1795. After the Congress of Vienna, he performed visits in the Diocese of Poreč and Pula as the only bishop present in Istria.[2]

Dalmatia Flag of the Kingdom of Dalmatia.svg

Besides Istria, the family also made their mark in Dalmatia.

Rector's Palace, seat of the Venetian counts in Zara

Pietro Loredan and Lorenzo Loredan were counts of Zara (today Zadar, Croatia) in the 15th century, while Bartolomeo, Girolamo, Antonio and Zorzi Loredan held that title in the 17th and 18th centuries, where they would have resided in the Rector's Palace.[100]

Name Period Title
Pietro Loredan 1411 - 1412 Count of Zara
Lorenzo Loredan 1453 - 1455 Count of Zara
Bartolomeo Loredan 1628 - 1629 Count of Zara
Girolamo Loredan 1656 - 1657 Count of Zara
Antonio Loredan 1668 - 1670 Count of Zara
Zorzi Loredan 1780 - 1782 Count of Zara

Although most Venetian nobles usually came to Dalmatian cities on political or military duty, and stayed until the end of their term, branches of some Venetian noble families, such as the Loredans, the Venier, and the da Mosto families, settled in and around Zara.[112] A part of the Santa Maria branch of the Loredan family has been settled on the Dalmatian island of Ugljan (today part of Croatia) since the 18th century. They generally did not use the Loredan name in the 19th and 20th centuries, although some family members were known as Santa Maria. Descendants today still live on the island, as well as in London.

A document describing Antonio Loredan, Count and Captain of Zara, judging over a dispute over the cutting of a tree in the cemetery next to the church of St. Lawrence in Lukoran, Ugljan, on the 23rd of July, 1610.

Marco Loredan (d. 1577) served as the Bishop of Nin from 1554 to 1577 and as the apostolic administrator and Archbishop of Zara from 1573 until his death in 1577.[107]

Antonio Loredan, Luigi, Girolamo, Giacomo and Domenico were among the counts of Spalato (today Split, Croatia).[101][113]

Name Period Title
Antonio Loredan 1467 - 1469 Count and Captain of Spalato
Luigi Loredan 1578 - 1580 Count and Captain of Spalato
Girolamo Loredan 1651 Provveditore of Split
Giacomo Loredan 1673 - 1675 Count and Captain of Spalato
Domenico Loredan 1707 - 1710 Count and Captain of Spalato

Throughout history, members of the family were also influential in numerous other Dalmatian towns and cities.

Montenegro Flag of Montenegro.svg

Three members of the family served as governors of the Venetian-held Bay of Kotor (today part of Montenegro) in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

Bay of Kotor
Name Period Title
Giovanni Loredan 1590 - 1592 Governor of Cattaro
Girolamo Loredan 1628 - 1630 Governor of Cattaro
Girolamo Loredan 1713 - 1715 Governor of Cattaro

Albania Flag of Albania.svg

The most notable family member significant in Albania was Antonio Loredan (1420-1482), who was the captain of Venetian-held Scutari (today Shkodër) and governor of Albania.[12][92] He is best known for the successful defense of Scutari (1474) against the Ottomans.[90] According to some sources, when the Scutari garrison complained for lack of food and water, Loredan told them: "If you are hungry, here is my flesh; if you are thirsty, I give you my blood."[23]

Greece Flag of Greece.svg

Coat of arms of Doge Pietro Loredan (r. 1567-1570) in Crete

Two Loredans were dukes of the Kingdom of the Morea and many were baili on Greek islands; a bailo was a diplomat who oversaw the affairs of the Republic of Venice in overseas territories.[102]

Lordship of Antiparos

The family is also significant for the island of Antiparos in the Aegean Sea.[5] Apparently the Venetians did not pay much attention to the island which by the beginning of the 15th century was a pirate base and haven. This changed when the lord of the island became Giovanni Loredan, who had married Maria Sommaripa (d. 1446) from the family of the rulers of Paros, with whom he had a daughter Lucrezia Loredan (1446-1528), Lady of Antiparos.[98] Loredan brought new inhabitants to the island at his own expense and built the castle in 1440 which had a very specific and unique style of architecture.[114] The castle and the island remained in the ownership of the House of Loredan until 1480 when they were given as a dowry to Domenico Pisani, son of the Duke of Crete who had married Fiorenza, the daughter of the Duke of Naxos.[99]

Morea (Peloponnese)
Name Period Title
Marco Loredan 1708 - 1711 Duke of the Kingdom of the Morea
Antonio Loredan 1711 - 1714 Duke of the Kingdom of the Morea
Corfu (Kerkyra)
Name Period Title
Bernabo Loredan 1413 - 1415 Bailo of Corfu
Giovanni di Daniele Loredan 1447 - 1450 Bailo of Corfu
Antonio Loredan 1503 Bailo of Corfu
Marco Loredan 1592 - 1594 Bailo of Corfu
Girolamo Loredan 1616 - 1618 Bailo of Corfu
Antonio Loredan 1620 - 1622 Bailo of Corfu
Giambattista Loredan 1697 - 1699 Bailo of Corfu
Pietro Loredan 1709 - 1711 Bailo of Corfu
Giorgio Loredan 1764 - 1766 Bailo of Corfu
Negroponte (Euboea)
Name Period Title
Daniele Loredan 1422 - 1424 Bailo of Negroponte
Nicolò Loredan 1429 - 1430 Bailo of Negroponte
Paolo Loredan 1453 - 1454 Bailo of Negroponte
Francesco Loredan 1456 - 1458 Captain and Bailo of Negroponte

Austria Flag of Austria.svg

Francesco Loredan (1656-1715) was the Ambassador of the Republic to Vienna during the peace negotiations between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League resulting in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699).[103][104]

Antonio Francesco di Domenico Loredan held the title of count in the Austrian Empire, and his brothers were also listed in the official list of nobles.[16][83]

Palaces

The Palazzo Loredan dell'Ambasciatore on the Grand Canal derived its popular name as the residence of the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire, which was offered as a residence for the Imperial ambassador by Doge Francesco Loredan.[115][116]

The great collector in the family was Andrea Loredan who constructed a palazzo on the Cannaregio to designs by Mauro Codussi; it was paid for by Doge Leonardo Loredan; it was bought in the eighteenth century by the Vendramin family, and the Ca' Loredan Vendramin Calergi is notable today for its association with Richard Wagner.[3]

Palazzo Loredan in Campo S. Stefano is today the Venetian Institute of Science, Literature and Arts, and it holds the busts of famous Venetians which form the Panteon Veneto.[117][118][119][120]

Palazzo Loredan Cini, a Gothic style palace located on the Grand Canal, has a large collection of precious artworks which are on permanent display on the first floor of the palace.[121]

Ca' Loredan, whose main facade features polifora windows, is today home to the city's municipal council.[115]

The Palazzo Giustinian Loredan is still today owned by the family.[122]

Palazzo Loredan Gheltoff is a 14th/15th century early Gothic palace located at Calle dell'Aseo in the Cannaregio district of Venice.[123][124]

Palazzo Loredan a San Cancian is a palace of the San Cancian branch of the Loredan family located at Calle Larga Widmann in the Cannaregio district of Venice, near the Church of San Canciano after which it was named.

The Loredan Palace in Barban was transformed from an already existing castle into a family residence in 1606.

In the terraferma there are numerous Villas Loredan — at Strà on the Brenta Canal; at Paese, near Treviso, the villa painted by Francesco Guardi; at Asolo; at Sant'Urbano, near Padua. The domain of the Villa Loredan at Paese was planted with grapevines in the 1950s by Conte Pietro Loredan; the wine continues to be made under the label Conte Loredan Gasparini.[84]

Giovanni Loredan, Lord of Antiparos, built the Castle of Antiparos in 1440 and brought new inhabitants to the island at his own expense.[98]

In art

Loredan wineries

Conte Loredan Gasparini Conte Loredan Gasparini logo.jpg

Villa Loredan at Paese

The Conte Loredan Gasparini winery was founded in the 1950s by Count Piero Loredan, descendant of the Doge of Venice Leonardo Loredan, who chose the territory of Vignigazzu to establish his home in a grand Palladian villa - The Villa Loredan at Paese.[84]

The winery is located in Venegazzù di Volpago del Montello, in the Veneto region, in the heart of the Marca Trevigiana, an area famous for the production of wines since the 16th century.[125]

Barchessa Loredan Barchessa Loredan logo.png

Barchessa Loredan

The Barchessa Loredan winery is located in Selva del Montello, within a 16th-century Palladian barchessa. It is owned by the Loredan family, who managed the latest renovation.

It directly produces and markets its wines obtained from D.O.C. Montello and D.O.C.G. Asolo. The farm covers an area of 50 hectares (124 acres) of vineyards in the hamlets of Selva and Venegazzù, and is managed by Countess Nicoletta Loredan Moretti degli Adimari, who founded it in the 1960s. The Barchessa, surrounded by vineyards, is also clearly visible from the Schiavonesca state road, (Montebelluna Conegliano) to which it is connected by a long avenue of centuries-old hazelnuts.[85]

The Barchessa Loredan is a magnificent example of Palladian architecture. The noble residence was built in the 16th century; originally it was part of a vast complex which also included a large villa destroyed in 1840.

The imposing Barchessa remains of the original complex, with the entrance gates and part of the surrounding wall. The building consists of nine arches with a volute keystone and framed by Doric pilasters supporting a molded entablature, which extends over the entire ground floor.

Above the portico rises the first floor, with a very large attic, perfectly restored, in which the most significant memories of the Loredan family are preserved.[85]

Loredan family in art

In painting

In sculpture

References

Notes

^ a: The Loredan family was one of the rare families in which a feudal estate could be inherited by a female heiress. This shows how the family was able to keep ownership of their Istrian lands, Barban and Rakalj, until 1869, a century after the family branch of Santo Stefano, which had owned it, became extinct in the male line.[2]

^ b: Many families in the Veneto have surnames indicating the town from which their ancestors came from (e.g. Trevisan).

^ c: Although most Venetian nobles usually came to Dalmatian cities on political or military duty, and stayed until the end of their term, branches of some Venetian noble families, such as the Loredans, the Venier, and the da Mosto families, settled in and around Zara.[126]

^ d: Although the Great Council Lockout was formerly provisional, the Ordinance later became a permanent Act, and since then it was disregarded only at times of political or financial crisis (e.g. after the War of the League of Cambrai).[127]

^ e: The family branch of Santo Stefano was named after Campo Santo Stefano, where the palace is located, although the branch is also known as San Vitale, after the nearby church of San Vidal.

^ f: In the actual Venetian language, his name was Pie[t]ro Loredano; in contemporary Greek sources, he is encountered as Πέτρος Λορδᾶς, Λαυρεδάνος, or Λορδάνο.

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Web links

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