Indian Premier League (Redirected from IPL playoffs)
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (May 2023) |
Countries | India |
---|---|
Administrator | Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) |
Headquarters | Cricket Centre, Churchgate, Mumbai, Maharashtra |
Format | Twenty20 |
First edition | 2008 |
Latest edition | 2023 |
Next edition | 2024 |
Tournament format | Round Robin format with Group System and Playoffs |
Number of teams | 10 |
Current champion | Chennai Super Kings (5th title) |
Most successful | Chennai Super Kings Mumbai Indians (5 titles each) |
Most runs | Virat Kohli (7,263) |
Most wickets | Yuzvendra Chahal (187) |
TV | India Star Sports (Television) JioCinema (Internet) International List of broadcasters |
Website | iplt20.com |
Seasons |
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The Indian Premier League (IPL), also known as the TATA IPL, is a men's Twenty20 (T20) cricket league held annually in India. Founded by the BCCI in 2007, the league features ten city-based franchise teams. The IPL usually takes place during the summer, between March and May each year. It has an exclusive window in the ICC Future Tours Programme, resulting in fewer international cricket tours occurring during the IPL seasons.
The IPL is the most popular cricket league in the world; in 2014, it ranked sixth in average attendance among all sports leagues. In 2010, the IPL became the first sporting event to be broadcast live on YouTube. Inspired by the success of the IPL, other Indian sports leagues have been established. In 2022, the league's brand value was estimated at ₹90,038 crore (US$11 billion). According to the BCCI, the 2015 IPL season contributed ₹1,150 crore (US$140 million) to India's GDP. In December 2022, the IPL achieved a valuation of US$10.9 billion, becoming a decacorn and registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by the consulting firm D and P Advisory. Its 2023 final became the most streamed live event on the internet, with 32 million viewers.
In 2023, the league sold its media rights for the period of 2023–2027 for US$6.4 billion to Viacom18 and Star Sports, meaning each IPL match was valued at $13.4 million. As of 2023, there have been sixteen seasons of the tournament. The current champions are the Chennai Super Kings, who won the 2023 season after defeating the Gujarat Titans in the final.
History
Season | Winners |
---|---|
2008 | Rajasthan Royals |
2009 | Deccan Chargers (now Sunrisers Hyderabad) |
2010 | Chennai Super Kings |
2011 | Chennai Super Kings (2) |
2012 | Kolkata Knight Riders |
2013 | Mumbai Indians |
2014 | Kolkata Knight Riders (2) |
2015 | Mumbai Indians (2) |
2016 | Sunrisers Hyderabad (2) |
2017 | Mumbai Indians (3) |
2018 | Chennai Super Kings (3) |
2019 | Mumbai Indians (4) |
2020 | Mumbai Indians (5) |
2021 | Chennai Super Kings (4) |
2022 | Gujarat Titans |
2023 | Chennai Super Kings (5) |
Inspired by a rival
In 2007, Zee Entertainment Enterprises founded the Indian Cricket League (ICL). The ICL was not recognized by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) or the International Cricket Council (ICC). Moreover, the BCCI was unhappy about its own committee members joining the ICL executive board. In response, the BCCI increased the prize money for its domestic tournaments and imposed lifetime bans on players who joined the rival league, which it considered a rebel league.
Foundation
On 13 September 2007, following India's victory at the 2007 T20 World Cup, the BCCI announced a franchise based Twenty20 cricket competition known as the Indian Premier League. The inaugural season was scheduled to start in April 2008, commencing with a "high-profile ceremony" in New Delhi. BCCI Vice-President Lalit Modi, who led the IPL initiative, provided details of the tournament, including its format, prize money, franchise revenue system, and squad composition rules. The league, to be managed by a seven-man governing council, would also serve as the qualifying mechanism for that year's Champions League Twenty20.
To determine team ownership, an auction for the franchises was held on 24 January 2008. The reserve prices for the eight franchises totalled $400 million, but the auction ultimately raised a total of $723.59 million. The league officially commenced in April 2008, featuring Chennai Super Kings (CSK), Mumbai Indians (MI), Delhi Daredevils (DD), Kings XI Punjab (KXIP), Deccan Chargers (DC), Rajasthan Royals (RR), Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR), and Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB).
Following the ban on players who chose to participate in the ICL, the rival league shut down in 2009.
Expansions and terminations
New franchises Pune Warriors India and Kochi Tuskers Kerala joined the league before the fourth season in 2011. Sahara Adventure Sports Group bought the Pune franchise for $370 million while Rendezvous Sports World bought the Kochi franchise for $333.3 million. The Kochi franchise was terminated after only one season when they failed to pay the BCCI the 10% bank guarantee element of the franchise.
In September 2012, after failing to find new owners, the Deccan Chargers franchise agreement was terminated. In October, an auction for a replacement franchise was held; Sun TV Network won the bid for what became the Hyderabad franchise; the team was named Sunrisers Hyderabad.
Pune Warriors India withdrew from the IPL in May 2013 over financial differences with the BCCI. The BCCI officially terminated the franchise in October, and the league reverted to eight teams.
In June 2015, two-time champions Chennai Super Kings and the inaugural season champions Rajasthan Royals were suspended for two seasons following their role in a spot-fixing and betting scandal. The two teams were replaced for two seasons by franchises based at Pune and Rajkot.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the venue for the 2020 season was moved and games were played in the United Arab Emirates. In August 2021, the BCCI announced two new franchises, based in two of six shortlisted cities, would join the league in the 2022 season. In closed bidding held in October, RPSG Group and CVC Capital won the bids for the teams, paying ₹7,000 crore (US$880 million) and ₹5,200 crore (US$650 million). The teams were subsequently named Lucknow Super Giants and Gujarat Titans.
A number of IPL franchise owners have expanded their business by acquiring teams in other franchise leagues, such as the Caribbean Premier League (CPL), South Africa's SA20, the UAE's International League T20 (ILT) and the USA's Major League Cricket (MLC). Teams have been branded with similar names to their parent IPL franchises.
In addition to the above acquisitions, Delhi Capitals also bought a stake in MLC's Seattle Orcas.
Despite their names, neither the Pakistan Super League's Karachi Kings nor New Zealand's Canterbury Kings have any relationship with Punjab Kings.
Organization
The IPL's headquarters are situated inside the Cricket Centre next to the Wankhede Stadium in Churchgate, Mumbai. The Governing Council is responsible for the league's functions, including tournament organisation. As of April 2023[update], its members were:
- Arun Singh Dhumal – Chairman
- Jay Shah – Secretary of the BCCI
- Ashish Shelar – Treasurer, BCCI
- Avishek Dalmiya
- Pragyan Ojha – Indian Cricketers' Association's representative
- Alka Rehani Bhardwaj – Comptroller and Auditor General of India nominee
Player acquisition, squad composition, and salaries
A team can acquire players through the annual player auction, trading with other teams during trading windows, and signing replacements for unavailable players. Players sign up for the auction and set their base price and are bought by the highest-bidding franchise. Players unsold at the auction are eligible to be signed as replacement signings. In the trading windows, a player can only be traded with consent; the franchise pays any difference between the old and new contracts. If the new contract is worth more than the old one, the player and the selling franchise share the difference. There are generally three trading windows – two before the auction and one between the auction and the start of the tournament. Players cannot be traded outside the trading windows or during the tournament, but replacements can be signed before or during the tournament.
Other notable rules, as of the 2020 season, includee:
- The salary cap of the entire squad must not exceed ₹85 crore (US$11 million).
- Under-19 players cannot be picked unless they have previously played first-class or List A cricket.
Player contracts run for one year but can be extended by one or two years if the franchises takes up the option. Since the 2014 season, player contracts have been denominated in the Indian rupee, before which the contracts were in the US dollar. Overseas players can be remunerated in the currency of the player's choice, at the exchange rate on either the contract-due date or the actual payment date. Before the 2014 season, Indian domestic players were not included in the player auction pool. They could be signed up by franchises at a discrete amount while a fixed sum of ₹10 lakh (US$13,000) to ₹30 lakh (US$38,000) would be deducted per signing from the franchise's salary purse. This received significant opposition from franchise owners, who complained richer franchises were "luring players with under-the-table deals." The IPL later decided to include domestic players in the player auction.
The BCCI give 10% of foreign players' salary to their country's national cricket board.
According to a 2015 survey by Sporting Intelligence and ESPN The Magazine, the average IPL salary when pro-rated is US$4.33 million per year, the second-highest of sports leagues in the world. Because players in the IPL are contracted only for the duration of the tournament – less than two months – the weekly IPL salaries are extrapolated pro data to obtain an average annual salary, unlike other sports leagues in which players are contracted by a single team for the entire year.
According to a report by The Telegraph, IPL players are paid 18% of the revenue, which is the lowest amount compared to other major sports leagues, in which players receive at least 50% of the revenue. The Federation of International Cricketers' Associations said that IPL players must be paid fairly.
Prize money
The 2022 season of the IPL offered total prize money of ₹46.5 crore (equivalent to ₹49 crore or US$6.2 million in 2023), with the winning team netting ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹21 crore or US$2.7 million in 2023) and the second-placed team ₹13 crore (equivalent to ₹14 crore or US$1.7 million in 2023). League rules mandate that half of any prize money must be distributed amongst the franchise's players.
Rules
The IPL has a number of rules which vary from the established Laws of cricket or those used in other Twenty20 leagues:
- IPL games incorporate television timeouts. Each team is given a two-and-a-half-minute "strategic time-out" during each innings. One must be taken by the bowling team between the seventh and ninth overs and the other by the batting team between the 14th and 16th overs. A penalty may be imposed if umpires find teams misusing this privilege.
- Since the 2018 season, the Decision Review System (DRS) has been used in all IPL matches, allowing each team two opportunities each innings to review an on-field umpire's decision. From the 2023 season, this was extended to allow the review of wides ad no-balls.
- If the bowling team does not complete its overs in the allocated time, it may place only four fielders outside of the fielding restrictions circle for the remainder of the innings, or the match referee may impose financial sanctions on the bowling team after the match, with players fined a proportion of their match fee.
- Teams can use a substitute, termed an "impact player", from a list of five players named as possible substitutes. The substitution can be made before the start of innings, when a wicket falls, when a batter retires, or at the end of an over. Both teams can introduce a substitute once per match.
- Teams can declare their playing eleven to the match-referee before or after the toss.
- A five-run penalty is imposed if a fielder or wicket-keeper makes an unfair movement while the bowler is bowling and the ball is designated as dead ball.
- Teams can include a maximum of four overseas players in their playing eleven.
- Teams must include 25 players in their squad, with a maximum of eight overseas players.
- From the 2024 season, bowlers will be allowed to deliver two bouncers an over. This change in playing conditions was trialled during the 2023–24 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, India's domestic T20 tournament.
Teams
As of the 2024 season, the league has ten teams based in cities across India.
Defunct teams
Team | City | State | Home ground | Debut | Dissolved | Owner(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deccan Chargers | Hyderabad | Telangana | Rajiv Gandhi Stadium | 2008 | 2012 | |
Kochi Tuskers Kerala | Kochi | Kerala | Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium | 2011 | 2011 |
|
Pune Warriors India | Pune | Maharashtra | Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium | 2011 | 2013 | |
Rising Pune Supergiant | Pune | Maharashtra | Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium | 2016 | 2018 | |
Gujarat Lions | Rajkot | Gujarat | Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium | 2016 | 2018 |
Timeline of teams
Present teams Former teams Suspended
Tournament seasons and results
With five titles each, Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have won the most tournaments. Kolkata Knight Riders have won two, and Rajasthan Royals, Deccan Chargers, Sunrisers Hyderabad and Gujarat Titans have all won a single title.
The reigning champions are Chennai Super Kings, who defeated Gujarat Titans by five wickets in the 2023 IPL final to secure their fifth title.
Number of titles
Team | Title(s) | Runner-up | Seasons won | Seasons runner-up | No. of seasons played |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chennai Super Kings | 5 | 5 | 2010, 2011, 2018, 2021, 2023 | 2008, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2019 | 14 |
Mumbai Indians | 1 | 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020 | 2010 | 16 | |
Kolkata Knight Riders | 2 | 2012, 2014 | 2021 | 16 | |
Rajasthan Royals | 1 | 2008 | 2022 | 14 | |
Sunrisers Hyderabad | 2016 | 2018 | 11 | ||
Gujarat Titans | 2022 | 2023 | 2 | ||
Deccan Chargers† | – | 2009 | – | 5 | |
Royal Challengers Bengaluru | – | 3 | – | 2009, 2011, 2016 | 16 |
Punjab Kings | 1 | 2014 | 16 | ||
Delhi Capitals | 2020 | 16 | |||
Rising Pune Supergiant† | 2017 | 2 |
† Team now defunct
Finals
Season | Winner | Winning margin | Runner-up | Final venue | Player of the season |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | Rajasthan Royals 164/7 (20 overs) |
Royals won by 3 wickets Scorecard |
Chennai Super Kings 163/5 (20 overs) |
DY Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai | Shane Watson (RR) |
2009 | Deccan Chargers 143/6 (20 overs) |
Chargers won by 6 runs Scorecard |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 137/9 (20 overs) |
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg | Adam Gilchrist (DC) |
2010 | Chennai Super Kings 168/5 (20 overs) |
Super Kings won by 22 runs Scorecard |
Mumbai Indians 146/9 (20 overs) |
DY Patil Stadium, Navi Mumbai | Sachin Tendulkar (MI) |
2011 | Chennai Super Kings 205/5 (20 overs) |
Super Kings won by 58 runs Scorecard |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 147/8 (20 overs) |
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai | Chris Gayle (RCB) |
2012 | Kolkata Knight Riders 192/5 (19.4 overs) |
Knight Riders won by 5 wickets Scorecard |
Chennai Super Kings 190/3 (20 overs) |
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai | Sunil Narine (KKR) |
2013 | Mumbai Indians 148/9 (20 overs) |
Indians won by 23 runs Scorecard |
Chennai Super Kings 125/9 (20 overs) |
Eden Gardens, Kolkata | Shane Watson (RR) |
2014 | Kolkata Knight Riders 200/7 (19.3 overs) |
Knight Riders won by 3 wickets Scorecard |
Kings XI Punjab 199/4 (20 overs) |
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru | Glenn Maxwell (KXIP) |
2015 | Mumbai Indians 202/5 (20 overs) |
Indians won by 41 runs Scorecard |
Chennai Super Kings 161/8 (20 overs) |
Eden Gardens, Kolkata | Andre Russell (KKR) |
2016 | Sunrisers Hyderabad 208/7 (20 overs) |
Sunrisers won by 8 runs Scorecard |
Royal Challengers Bangalore 200/7 (20 overs) |
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru | Virat Kohli (RCB) |
2017 | Mumbai Indians 129/8 (20 overs) |
Indians won by 1 run Scorecard |
Rising Pune Supergiant 128/6 (20 overs) |
Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Hyderabad | Ben Stokes (RPSG) |
2018 | Chennai Super Kings 181/2 (18.3 overs) |
Super Kings won by 8 wickets Scorecard |
Sunrisers Hyderabad 178/6 (20 overs) |
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai | Sunil Narine (KKR) |
2019 | Mumbai Indians 149/8 (20 overs) |
Indians won by 1 run Scorecard |
Chennai Super Kings 148/7 (20 overs) |
Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Hyderabad | Andre Russell (KKR) |
2020 | Mumbai Indians 157/5 (18.4 overs) |
Indians won by 5 wickets Scorecard |
Delhi Capitals 156/7 (20 overs) |
Dubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai | Jofra Archer (RR) |
2021 | Chennai Super Kings 192/3 (20 overs) |
Super Kings won by 27 runs Scorecard |
Kolkata Knight Riders 165/9 (20 overs) |
Dubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai | Harshal Patel (RCB) |
2022 | Gujarat Titans 133/3 (18.1 overs) |
Titans Won by 7 wickets Scorecard |
Rajasthan Royals 130/9 (20 overs) |
Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad | Jos Buttler (RR) |
2023 | Chennai Super Kings 171/5 (15 overs) |
Super Kings won by 5 wickets (DLS) Scorecard |
Gujarat Titans 214/4 (20 overs) |
Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad | Shubman Gill (GT) |
Teams' performances
Season (No. of teams) |
2008 (8) |
2009 (8) |
2010 (8) |
2011 (10) |
2012 (9) |
2013 (9) |
2014 (8) |
2015 (8) |
2016 (8) |
2017 (8) |
2018 (8) |
2019 (8) |
2020 (8) |
2021 (8) |
2022 (10) |
2023 (10) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chennai Super Kings | RU | SF | C | C | RU | RU | PO | RU | Suspended | C | RU | 7th | C | 9th | C | |
Delhi Capitals / Delhi Daredevils | SF | SF | 5th | 10th | PO | 9th | 8th | 7th | 6th | 6th | 8th | PO | RU | PO | 5th | 9th |
Gujarat Titans | – | C | RU | |||||||||||||
Kolkata Knight Riders | 6th | 8th | 6th | PO | C | 7th | C | 5th | PO | PO | PO | 5th | 5th | RU | 7th | 7th |
Lucknow Super Giants | – | PO | PO | |||||||||||||
Mumbai Indians | 5th | 7th | RU | PO | PO | C | PO | C | 5th | C | 5th | C | C | 5th | 10th | PO |
Punjab Kings / Kings XI Punjab | SF | 5th | 8th | 5th | 6th | 6th | RU | 8th | 8th | 5th | 7th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 6th | 8th |
Rajasthan Royals | C | 6th | 7th | 6th | 7th | PO | 5th | PO | Suspended | PO | 7th | 8th | 7th | RU | 5th | |
Royal Challengers Bengaluru | 7th | RU | 3rd | RU | 5th | 5th | 7th | PO | RU | 8th | 6th | 8th | PO | PO | PO | 6th |
Sunrisers Hyderabad | – | PO | 6th | 6th | C | PO | RU | PO | PO | 8th | 8th | 10th | ||||
Deccan Chargers† | 8th | C | 4th | 7th | 8th | – | ||||||||||
Kochi Tuskers Kerala† | – | 8th | – | |||||||||||||
Pune Warriors / Pune Warriors India† | – | 9th | 9th | 8th | – | |||||||||||
Gujarat Lions† | – | PO | 7th | – | ||||||||||||
Rising Pune Supergiant† | – | 7th | RU | – |
- Teams are listed alphabetically by year of entry into the league
† Team now defunct
- C: champions
- RU: runner-up
- 3rd: team won the 3rd place playoff. A third place playoff only took place in 2010
- 4th: team lost the 3rd place playoff
- SF or PO: team qualified for the semi-final or playoff stage of the competition
Records and statistics
A summary of the most notable statistical records associated with the tournament is provided below:
- As of 25 August 2023
Batting Records | ||
---|---|---|
Most runs | Virat Kohli (RCB) | 7,263 |
Highest score | Chris Gayle (RCB) | 175 not out vs Pune Warriors India (23 April 2013) |
Highest partnership | Virat Kohli & AB de Villiers (RCB) | 229 vs Gujarat Lions (14 May 2016) |
Most sixes | Chris Gayle (KKR/RCB/PBKS) | 357 |
Most fours | Shikhar Dhawan (DD/MI/DC/SRH/PBKS) | 750 |
Most centuries | Virat Kohli (RCB) | 7 |
Bowling Records | ||
Most wickets | Yuzvendra Chahal (MI/RCB/RR) | 187 |
Best bowling figures | Alzarri Joseph (MI) | 6/12 vs Sunrisers Hyderabad (6 April 2019) |
Fielding | ||
Most dismissals (wicket-keeper) | MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) | 180 |
Most catches (fielder) | Suresh Raina (CSK/GL) | 109 |
Other records | ||
Most matches | MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) | 250 |
Most matches as captain | MS Dhoni (CSK/RPS) | 227 |
Team records | ||
Highest total | Royal Challengers Bangalore | 263/5 (20) vs Pune Warriors India (23 April 2013) |
Lowest total | Royal Challengers Bangalore | 49 (9.4) vs Kolkata Knight Riders (23 April 2017) |
- Source: records extracted from ESPNcricinfo
Awards
Orange Cap
The Orange Cap, introduced in 2008, is awarded to the highest run-scorer at the end of each season. It is an ongoing competition with the current highest-run scorer wearing the cap whilst fielding. The eventual winner keeps the cap for the season. Brendon McCullum was the first player to wear the Orange Cap and Shaun Marsh the inaugural winner of the award. Australian batsman David Warner has won the award three times, more than any other player. Shubman Gill of Gujarat Titans, who scored 890 runs during the 2023 season, is the most recent winner of the award.
Purple Cap
The Purple Cap is awarded to the highest wicket-taker at the end of each season. It is an ongoing competition and the bowler who is the leading wicket-taker wears a purple cap whilst fielding. The leading wicket-taker at the end of the season wins the award. Bhuvneshwar Kumar and Dwayne Bravo are the only players to have won the award twice.
Most Valuable Player
The Most Valuable Player award, called the "Man of the Tournament" until the 2012 season, is awarded using a ratings system introduced in 2013. Shubman Gill won the award in 2023.
Fair Play Award
The Fair Play Award is given after each season to the team considered to have the best fair play record. After each match, the two on-field umpires and the third umpire score the performance of both teams, with the highest scoring team at the end of the season receiving the award. The 2023 winners were Delhi Capitals.
Emerging Player Award
The Emerging Player Award was presented to the best under-19 player in 2008 and the best under-23 player in 2009 and 2010. In 2011 and 2012, the award was known as "Rising Star of the Year," and in 2013 the "Best Young Player of the Season." Since 2014, the award has been called the Emerging Player of the Year.Mustafizur Rahman is the only foreign player to won this award. The 2023 winner was Yashasvi Jaiswal.
Maximum Sixes Award
The Maximum Sixes Award is presented to the player who hits the most sixes at the end of the season.
Finances
Title sponsorship
Sponsor | Period | Estimated annual sponsorship fee |
---|---|---|
DLF | 2008–2012 | ₹40 crore (US$5.0 million) |
Pepsi | 2013–2015 | ₹79.2 crore (US$9.9 million) |
Vivo | 2016–2017 | ₹100 crore (US$12.5 million) |
2018–2019 | ₹440 crore (US$55.1 million) | |
Dream11 | 2020 | ₹222 crore (US$27.8 million) |
Vivo | 2021 | ₹440 crore (US$55.1 million) |
Tata | 2022–2023 | ₹335 crore (US$42.0 million) |
2024–2028 | ₹500 crore (US$62.6 million) |
From 2008 to 2012, the IPL title sponsor was DLF, India's largest real estate developer, which bid ₹200 crore (US$25 million) for the rights for five seasons. After the 2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹397 crore (US$50 million) for the next five seasons but terminated the deal in October 2015, two years before the expiry of the contract, due to the two-season suspension of the Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league. The BCCI transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for ₹200 crore (US$25 million).
In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons from 2018 to 2022 with a winning bid of ₹2,199 crore (US$280 million). On 4 August 2020, Vivo canceled the title sponsorship rights due to the military stand-off between India and China at the Line of Actual Control in July 2020. The withdrawal was also a result of Vivo's market losses due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; Vivo intended to return as the title sponsor for the following three years. Dream11 became the title sponsors for the 2020 IPL for an amount of ₹222 crore (equivalent to ₹261 crore or US$33 million in 2023). Vivo returned as the title sponsor for the 2021 IPL season but withdrew again, and was replaced by the Tata Group for the next two seasons. InsideSport reported the BCCI would receive ₹498 crore (US$62 million) for the 2022 and 2023 seasons from title sponsors. Vivo had previously agreed to pay a higher amount for the last two seasons of its sponsorship contract due to the league's expansion from the 2022 season. According to InsideSport, due to the new deal's structure, Tata would pay ₹335 crore (US$42 million) per year while Vivo would pay the deficit of ₹163 crore (US$20 million) per season.
Saudi Aramco brought the rights to advertise on the Purple and Orange caps in 2022.
Payments to foreign national boards
The BCCI pays ten percent of the auctioned value of players to their national cricket boards. In January 2018, IPL chairman Rajiv Shukla said the IPL would double the amount paid to cricket boards that made their players available for an entire season. In 2022, Australian Cricketers' Association expressed its unhappiness about this.
Brand value
The IPL tournament rapidly grew in value between 2016 and 2018. Financial experts valued the IPL at US$4.16 billion in 2016; that number grew to $5.3 billion in 2017 and $6.13 billion in 2018. A report from Duff & Phelps said one of the contributing factors in the rapid growth of the IPL's value was a new television deal with Star India Private Limited, which engaged more viewers because the IPL was transmitted to regional channels in eight languages; under the previous deal, the transmissions were limited to sports networks with English-language commentary.
According to an independent report conducted by Brand Finance, a London-based company, after the conclusion of the 2017 Indian Premier League, the IPL's business value grew by 37% to an all-time peak of $5.3 billion, exceeding the five-billion-dollar mark for the first time in a season. According to the company's director Savio D'Souza:
Now in its 11th season, the Indian Premier League is here to stay. The league has delivered financially for the players, franchisees, sponsors, and India as a whole, prompting a strong desire among stakeholders to value it appropriately. To ensure continued development, management, and team owners must explore innovative ways of engaging fans, clubs, and sponsors.[relevant?]
In December 2022, the IPL became a decacorn valued at US$10.9 billion, registering a 75% growth in dollar terms since 2020 when it was valued at $6.2 billion, according to a report by consulting firm D & P Advisory.
Team | Year | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2023 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||
Brand value | Ref | Brand value | Ref | Brand value | Ref | |
Mumbai Indians | ₹9,962 crore (US$1.2 billion) | $83M | $80M | |||
Kolkata Knight Riders | ₹8,428 crore (US$1.1 billion) | [citation needed] | $77M | $66M | ||
Chennai Super Kings | ₹8,811 crore (US$1.1 billion) | [citation needed] | $74M | $76M | ||
Royal Challengers Bangalore | ₹7,853 crore (US$983.5 million) | [citation needed] | $68M | $50M | ||
Delhi Capitals | ₹7,930 crore (US$993.1 million) | [citation needed] | $62M | $56M | ||
Rajasthan Royals | ₹7,662 crore (US$959.5 million) | [citation needed] | $61M | $34M | ||
Sunrisers Hyderabad | ₹7,432 crore (US$930.7 million) | [citation needed] | $49M | $52M | ||
Gujarat Titans | ₹6,512 crore (US$815.5 million) | [citation needed] | $47M | N/A | ||
Punjab Kings | ₹7,087 crore (US$887.5 million) | [citation needed] | $45M | $36M | ||
Lucknow Super Giants | ₹8,236 crore (US$1.0 billion) | [citation needed] | $32M | N/A |
In 2022, the BCCI took insurance of ₹5,000 crore (US$630 million) for the IPL. This insurance policy involves all stakeholders, including broadcasters, ancillary services providers, and sponsors. The BCCI is covered in the case of any revenue losses due to weather, riots, and other unforeseen events.
Broadcasting
2008–2017: Sony Pictures Networks
The IPL's broadcast rights were held by a partnership between Sony Pictures Networks (SPN) and World Sport Group (WSG) under a ten-year contract valued at US$1.03 billion; SPN held domestic rights in India while WSG handled international distribution. The initial plan was for twenty percent of these proceeds to go to the IPL, a further eight percent would be devoted to prize money and seventy-two percent would be distributed to the franchisees from 2008 until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares. In March 2010, however, the IPL decided not to go public and list its shares. As of the 2016 season, Sony Max, Sony Six, and Sony ESPN served as the IPL's domestic broadcasters; Max and Six aired broadcasts with commentary in Hindi, SIX also aired broadcasts in Bengali, Tamil, Kannada and Telugu, while Sony ESPN aired broadcasts in English. SPN also produced Extraaa Innings T20, a combination of a post-match show with an entertainment talk show featuring celebrity guests.
The IPL became a major television property within India; Sony Max is typically the most-watched television channel in the country during the tournament, and by 2016, annual advertising revenue exceeded ₹12 billion (US$150 million). Viewership numbers were expected to increase further during the 2016 season due to the industry adoption of the new Broadcast Audience Research Council audience measurement system, which calculates viewership in both urban and rural markets rather than only urban markets.
2018–2022: Star Sports and Hotstar
On 4 September 2017, it was announced the IPL's then-current digital rights holder Star India had acquired the global media rights to the IPL under a five-year contract beginning in 2018. The contract was valued at ₹163.475 billion (US$2.55 billion), a 158% increase on the previous deal, and the most expensive broadcast rights deal in the history of cricket. The IPL sold the rights in packages for domestic television, domestic digital, and international rights; although Sony held the highest bid for domestic television and Facebook made a US$600 million bid for domestic digital rights – which US media interpreted as a sign Facebook was interested in pursuing professional sports rights – Star was the only bidder from the shortlist of 14 to make bids in all three categories.
Star Sports broadcast matches on television and Hotstar streamed matches in India and other markets. In September 2018, Star and mobile carrier Jio reached a five-year sub-licencing agreement under which all domestic cricket matches aired by Hotstar would also be available via the Jio TV service for Jio Prime mobile subscribers. Throughout the 2019 season, international streaming viewership on Hotstar broke records, exceeding 10 million concurrent viewers multiple times. The 2019 final broke these records, peaking at 18.6 million concurrent streaming viewers.
2023–2027: Star Sports and JioCinema
The next cycle of IPL media rights will last from 2023 to 2027 and was put to auction. In this auction, the broadcasting rights were divided into four packages. Package A was for domestic television rights, and Package B was for domestic digital rights. Package C was for the digital rights of eighteen non-exclusive matches, and Package D was for international television and digital rights, further divided into four groups. On 13 June 2022, it was reported the packages for domestic television and streaming rights had fetched at least ₹397.75 billion (nearly US$5.1 billion) in total, doubling the value of the 2018–2022 contract.
The next day, it was announced that Star Sports had renewed its contract for television rights by winning package A, and that a Viacom18 consortium had exclusively acquired the streaming rights by winning both Package B and C. The two contracts for Package A and B are cumulatively valued at around US$6.2 billion; with the new contracts, the IPL overtook the Premier League in English football as the second highest-valued sports media property worldwide, behind only the NFL, whose new media contracts taking effect in the 2023 season cumulatively fetched US$111 billion.
In February 2023, Viacom18 announced it would stream the 2023 IPL for free on JioCinema with feeds in 12 languages, including English and regional languages, and in 4K resolution. The same month, The Walt Disney Company reported its loss of the IPL had contributed to a net loss of 2.4 million Disney+ subscribers worldwide, primarily in India.
Ahead of the 2023 IPL, Star launched HD feeds of Star Sports 1 in Tamil and Telugu and announced its free-to-air channel Star Utsav Movies would carry twelve matches. It was anticipated viewership of Star Sports' broadcasts may not be heavily impacted by the Jio deal due to its existing market reach (including as rights holder of India's home matches) and viewers who preferred linear television due to being less familiar with over-the-top services, or concerns over technical issues associated with such services. JioCinema reported the IPL had 1.4 billion views on the service over the opening weekend, which was higher than the entirety of the 2022 season on Disney+ Hotstar. The 2023 final set a record for the most concurrent viewers of a livestreamed event, peaking at over 32 million viewers (surpassing a record of 25.3 million set by Hotstar during the 2019 Cricket World Cup).
List of broadcasters
In a June 2022 media-rights auction, Sky Sports and Viacom18 acquired the rights for the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, while Times Internet gained the rights for the Middle East, North Africa, and the US.
Territory | Channels and Online streaming | Years |
---|---|---|
India | Star Sports | 2023–2027 |
Jio Cinema (Internet) | 2023–2027 | |
Bangladesh | T Sports, GTV | 2022 |
T Sports App | 2023 | |
Afghanistan | Ariana Television Network | 2022 |
Australia | Foxtel, Fox Cricket, Kayo Sports, Kayo Freebies (Internet) | 2023–present |
Indonesia | Vidio (Internet) | 2023–present |
Ireland | Sky Sports, DAZN | 2023–present |
United Kingdom | ||
Middle East and North Africa | Times Internet | 2023 |
New Zealand | Sky Sport | 2021–present |
South Africa | SuperSport | 2023 |
Sri Lanka | Supreme TV | 2023–present |
Sub-Saharan Africa | SuperSport | 2021–present |
United States | Willow TV | 2023 |
Controversies
IPL spot fixing
In the 2012 IPL spot-fixing case, the BCCI gave a lifetime ban to Deccan Chargers player TP Sudhindra and suspended four other players. In a sting operation, Pune Warriors India player Mohnish Mishra was recorded stating that IPL franchise owners pay their players through black money. Mishra had apologized for his incorrect statement. On 20 May 2012, police detained Rahul Sharma and Wayne Parnell when they were caught during a raid at a rave party at a suburb of Mumbai; both the players denied taking drugs or drinking alcohol. However, it was later proven that in reality, they had taken banned drugs after police tested their urine and blood samples in a lab.
In the 2013 IPL spot-fixing and betting case, Delhi police arrested players Ajit Chandila, Ankeet Chavan and S. Sreesanth on allegations of spot-fixing; they received a lifetime ban from the BCCI. Police also arrested Gurunath Meiyappan, Chennai Super Kings' team principal and son-in-law of then BCCI president N. Srinivasan, for illegally betting on IPL matches and passing team information to the bookmakers.
The Lodha Committee, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, banned Rajasthan Royals (RR) and Chennai Super Kings (CSK) for two years. The CSK's team principal Meiyappan was found guilty of betting and bringing the IPL and the game into disrepute. After this, the BCCI banned Meiyappan from involving in the game. Justice RM Lodha said that due to all this fixing-betting matter, the reputation of the game has been hurt quite grievously. "Disrepute has been brought to cricket, the BCCI and the IPL to such an extent that there are doubts abound in the public whether the game is clean or not," Justice Lodha said. He further elaborated his Committee's observations and said it had proved beyond doubt that Gurunath Meiyappan, the CSK's team principal, was heavily involved in betting on his team.
Strategic timeouts
In its 3rd season in 2010, the IPL administration brought a new rule: "strategic timeout" of seven minutes and fifty seconds duration in each inning. Franchises and Sachin Tendulkar disapproved of it. Many saw it as the BCCI's use of 'extended drinks break' to earn money; it faced widespread backlash. Then IPL president said that the rule is intended to allow teams to make strategies amid the game. Still, critics disagreed with this argument and said that the strategic time-out is a way to generate money. Later, the BCCI reduced its duration but still applied it.
These timeouts boost the IPL's revenue; every 10-second slot gets sold for ₹5 lakhs or more. Due to these time-outs, an IPL match halts four times for more than 10 minutes. As per Sunil Gavaskar, along with many other reasons, Strategic Timeouts (ST) delay the IPL matches, and they do not end at the stipulated time of 3 hours and 10 minutes, instead end after 4 hours. Amid the Super Giants against Mumbai Indians eliminator game in 2023, on-air he uttered, "How many times batsmen get out after a strategic timeout," indicating that it plays negative role in immediate fall of wickets by disrupting concentration of the batters.
Some cricketers have criticized strategic timeouts for interrupting the flow of play. In the past, it even faced a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) with the possibility that ST breaks were being used by bookies to connect with the players. In the past, IPL's stakeholders admitted that STs are unavoidable because it gives the BCCI and broadcasters additional time for more ads. In 2013, after a spot-fixing matter, then-president N. Srinivasan got sacked due to a pending inquiry, and Jagmohan Dalmia got appointed as interim president. Dalmia expressed openly that he wants to end STs and take other measures to restrain malpractices in the IPL.
Incidents with players
In 2008 edition, after a game, Harbhajan Singh, who was playing for Mumbai Indians, slapped S. Sreesanth. The IPL fined and banned him from the remaining entire edition. However, years later, he apologized Sreesanth for it on TV and said that he is ashamed for doing it.
In a 2022 interview, Yuzvendra Chahal revealed two incidents of physical harassment that happened with him, while he was with Mumbai Indians. In 2013, in a party of the team in a building, a drunken teammate took him to the balcony, overpowered him and hung him from 15th floor of the building. Yuzvendra said he narrowly survived that day. In another incident, two teammates including Andrew Symonds tied him, gagged his mouth and threw him in a room of hotel. He remained whole night alone in that room. When the hotel room service arrived at morning, they untied his hands and legs. He did not reveal the names of the offenders involved in the first incident. Reacting to these revelations, Virender Sehwag expressed that he want Yuzvendra to reveal the offender's name and furious Ravi Shastri expressed that the offender should be banned.
In 2010, the BCCI banned Ravindra Jadeja from the IPL for one year after he violated the IPL guidelines by not signing a renewal contract with his team Rajasthan Royals, and instead negotiated a more lucrative contract with other teams through back door.
Rajasthan Royals ownership dispute
In April 2010, the IPL president Shashank Manohar said in a press conference that they (IPL) don't know who the owners of Rajasthan Royals (RR) and the Punjab team are. The initial bid for RR was made by a person named Manoj Bhandale. After that, other firms from Mauritius were added as share holders. In response, Shilpa Shetty tweeted that she was a proprietor of RR. Regarding the Punjab team, the IPL president revealed that in the team bidding event, only Preity Zinta was interested in buying that team. She said that she would form a firm. She did it and signed a bid agreement with the BCCI. However, Preity did not have a single share in her name in that firm. Manohar alleged that Shetty and Zinta violated the agreement as prior permission of the BCCI is mandatory before transferring ownership shares with other people.
N. Srinivasan's ownership of CSK
In 2010, an e-mail leaked in Indian media, according to an Economic Times article, said that former IPL president Lalit Modi helped then-BCCI president N. Srinivasan to buy Andrew Flintoff in the auction for his team Chennai Super Kings (CSK). Srinivasan was criticized for owning an IPL team due to his conflict of interests. Former BCCI president A. Muthiah filed a lawsuit against Srinivasan in the Supreme Court of India; he claimed that Srinivasan altered the BCCI's rules to allow himself to purchase a team. The Lodha Committee banned CSK from the IPL for two years when their team principal, Gurunath Meiyappan, was found guilty of betting and providing inside information to bookies. The supreme court criticized Srinivasan for buying an IPL team while serving as the BCCI president; a judge commented, "How can a BCCI chief own a team?". However, he still own the team and his daughter Rupa Gurunath often appear in stadiums amid CSK's games.
Australian players' dispute with their board
Due to the BCCI giving one-tenth of foreign players' salaries to their respective country's national cricket boards, a dispute between Australian cricketers and Cricket Australia started. The Australian Cricketers' Association also opposed the arrangement.
Shashi Tharoor and Sunanda Pushkar's sweat equity in RSW
In 2010, the IPL president revealed that the Minister of State for External Affairs Shashi Tharoor's wife Sunanda Pushkar has sweat equity share in Rendezvous Sports World (RSW), the proprieter of Kochi Tuskers Kerala team. Opposition party BJP agitated against the Indian National Congress. Later, it was revealed that Pushkar has ₹70 crore equity in RSW. Tharoor offered to leave his equity, but many within the Congress party felt that by doing this, Tharoor pleaded guilty. Due to pressure, the Congress party demanded his resignation. He was the first minister of United Progressive Alliance 2 who got slammed for his illegal moves.
Slow over rates
The IPL frequently gets criticism due to the slow pace of its matches. During the 2023 season, Jos Buttler mentioned on Twitter to speed up the pace of the play. An IPL match should end within 3:10 hours of the stipulated time, but it often ends after 4 hours. As per Gavaskar, strategic timeouts, reserve players running on the field with drinks and messages amid games, and batsmen asking for helmet result in these delays. The introduction of strategic timeouts were also suspected to be for monetary reasons, since it allows for more ad slots. Field umpires sometimes penalize teams by restricting them to field just four fielders outside the 30-yard area, or match referee penalizes by cutting captain's – team members' match fees, but it has not solved the problem. Games often run at a slow speed and finish late. Millions of viewers feel that IPL matches should be fast-paced.
Negative impact on international cricket
Former India captain Kapil Dev has claimed that there is an increasing risk of injury to Indian players because of playing in the IPL. He suggests that some players avoid India matches yet play in all IPL matches.
Exclusion of Pakistani players
Following the November 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai and the attack on Sri Lankan team in March 2009, geopolitical tensions surged between India and Pakistan. It led to several outcomes, one led to Pakistani players being unofficially forbidden to play in the IPL. While they had been selected by several teams for the inaugural IPL season (2008), their contracts were terminated before the 2009 edition. This situation has endured "due to political tensions". Among critics of BCCI and IPL owners is Imran Khan, who has said they "take it out on Pakistan players". He accuses BCCI of "arrogance" but also says "Pakistan should not worry about it".
Explanatory notes
- ^ Indian cricket leagues established using similar formats to the IPL include the Women's Premier League and various domestic state-level leagues. Leagues established in other sports include the association football Indian Super League, the Pro Kabaddi League and Pro Volleyball League Other international leagues have also adopted elements of the IPL and been influenced by the business model used.
See also
- Cricket in India
- Sports in India – An overview of Sport's culture in India
- Indian Super League
- Women's Premier League – An Indian T20 league, est. 2023
- List of professional sports leagues in India
- List of cricket leagues in India