Jesse Chisholm
Jesse Chisholm (circa 1805 - March 4, 1868) was a mixed-blood Scottish-Cherokee fur trader. His name is most famous because of the namesake cattle trail, which he originally scouted and developed to supply his various trading posts among the Plains Indians in what is now western Oklahoma. Although Chisholm died before the heyday of the Texas-to-Kansas cattle drives, he was nevertheless a participant in several important events in Texas and Oklahoma history.
Chisholm's father, Ignatius, was of Scottish descent, and his mother Martha (née Rogers) was a Cherokee from the region of Great Hiwassee. He moved with his mother to Oklahoma during a period when Cherokees were migrating voluntarily. In 1826, Chisholm became involved in a gold-seeking party, who blazed a trail and explored the region to present day Wichita, Kansas. In 1830, he helped blaze a trail from Fort Gibson to Fort Towson. In 1834, he was a member of the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition, who made the first contact with the southern plains Indians on behalf of the United States federal government.[1]
In 1836, Chisholm married Eliza Edwards. They resided in the area of her father's trading post on the Little River near its confluence with the Canadian River, where Jesse worked in the Indian trade.
Chisholm was an interpreter and general aid in several treaties between the Republic of Texas and local Indian tribes, as well as between the United States federal government and various tribes after Texas joined the United States. This diplomatic work spanned 20 years, between 1838 and 1858.[2] During this period, he also continued in the Indian trade, trading manufactured goods for peltry and for cattle.
During the Civil War, he mostly remained neutral. Many residents of Indian Territory feared they might be massacred, either intentionally or as an accident of war if either side attempted to contend for control of the territory. He led a band of refugees to the western part of the territory. For some time, they suffered privation, as the trade had dried up during the war, as well.
At the end of the war, he settled permanently near present-day Wichita, and recommenced trade into Indian Territory. He built up what had been a military and Indian trail into a road capable of carrying heavy wagons for his goods. This road became known as Chisholm's Trail. Later, when the Texas-to-Kansas cattle drives started, the users of the trail redubbed it the Chisholm Trail.[3]
He died at his last camp near Left Hand Spring due to food poisoning on March 4, 1868, and is buried there.[4] Chisholm was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners in 1974.[5] His grave site in Blaine County is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Family Tree
Jesse Chisholm | | V William Edward Chisholm and Frank "Jepee" Chisholm | | V Eliza Chisholm Angeline Biddie Lee Mary Cook Alice Asbury Cora Ann McKeel Estell Ward Julia Ann Daven Port William Edward Chisholm | | V Sarah Cathrine Harris Sallie Lee Sam Lee Jr.
References
- ^ Hoig, Stan. "CHISHOLM, JESSE (ca. 1805-1868)". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ^ Richardson, T. C. "CHISHOLM, JESSE". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ^ Rossel, John (February 1936). "The Chisholm Trail". Kansas Historical Quarterly. Kansas Historical Society. 5 (1): 3–14. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ^ "Founder of Chisholm Trail dies — This Day in History — 3/4/1868". History.com. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- ^ https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/
Further reading
- "A Guide to the Jesse Chisholm Papers, 1859-1880, 1928". Texas Archival Resources Online. The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- Gaylord, Kristina (June 2011). "Chisholm Trail". Kansaspedia. Kansas Historical Society. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
- Cushman, Ralph B. Jesse Chisholm: Trail Blazer, Sam Houston's Trouble-Shooter Friend, Kin to the Cherokee. Eakin Press.
- Hoig, Stan (1991). Jesse Chisholm, Ambassador of the Plains. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- Hoig, Stan (Winter 1988–1989). "Jesse Chisholm: Peace-maker, Trader, Forgotten Frontiersman". The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 66. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- Hoig, Stan (Summer 1989). "The Genealogy of Jesse Chisholm". The Chronicles of Oklahoma. 67. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
- Taylor, T. U. (1939). Jesse Chisholm. Bandera, TX: Frontier Times. Retrieved August 24, 2014. An unverified transcription is available on line.