Country/Territory
Population c. 1600 estimate
Percentage of World Population
World
579,000,000
–
Ming China
60,000,000–150,000,000
27.6%
Mughal Empire
~115,000,000
19.9%
Holy Roman Empire
Bohemian Crown – 2,950,000 Archduchy of Austria (and related territories) – 2,500,000 Spanish Netherlands – 1,600,000+ Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000 Savoy – 1,200,000 Electorate of Saxony – 1,200,000 Republic of the Swiss – 1,000,000 Electorate of Bavaria – ~800,000 Republic of Genoa – 650,000 Grand Duchy of Tuscany – 648,000 Electoral Palatinate – ~600,000 Margraviate of Brandenburg - ~350,000 Duchy of Württemberg – ? Duchy of Modena and Reggio – ~250,000 Duchy of Parma – ~250,000 Margraviate of Baden – ? Thuringian states – ? Duchy of Carniola – 248,000 Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 230,000 Duchy of Holstein – 185,000 Republic of Lucca – 110,000 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt – 50,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – ? Nassau-Weilburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg – ? County of Oldenburg – ? Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Imperial County of Reuss – ? Principality of Lippe – ? Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – ? Anhalt-Dessau – ? Arenberg – ? Anhalt-Bernburg – ? Anhalt-Köthen – ? County of Schaumburg – ? Liechtenstein – ? Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg - ? Principality of Calenberg – ? Electorate of Mainz – 100,000+ Franche-Comté – ? Electorate of Trier – 100,000+ Electorate of Cologne – 100,000+ Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg – ? Saxe-Lauenburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Münster – ? Archbishopric of Magdeburg – ? Hamburg – ~20,000 Free City of Lübeck – ? Duchy of Schleswig – ? Prince-bishopric of Lübeck – ? Prince-Bishopric of Trent – ? Principality of Ansbach – ?
27,000,000+ – 34,000,000+
5.2%
Iberian Union and possessions
Spanish America – c. 9,745,000 Kingdom of Spain – 8,240,000 Kingdom of Naples – 3,000,000 Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) – 1,600,000+ Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000 Kingdom of Portugal – 1,100,000 Kingdom of Sicily – 1,100,000 Captaincy General of the Philippines – 791,000 Franche-Comté – ? Goa state – 250,000 Diu – ? Viceroyalty of Sardinia – 300,000 Malacca – ~195,000 Viceroyalty of Brazil – 45,000 Bahrain – 54,000 Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Andorra – ?
28,745,000
5.0%
Ottoman Empire
Anatolia and East Thrace – 7,275,000 Egypt Eyalet – 5,000,000 Ottoman Algeria – 2,250,000 Greece – 1,500,000 Bulgaria – 1,250,000Syria – 1,175,000 Iraq - 1,070,000 Serbia – 1,057,000 Beylik of Tunis – 1,000,000 Ottoman Hungary – 900,000 Ottoman Tripolitania – 500,000 Bosnia Eyalet – 449,000 Sidon Eyalet – 292,000 Palestine – 352,000 Cyprus – 98,000 Habesh Eyalet – ? Ottoman Albania – 200,000
28,740,000
5.0%
Kingdom of France
18,000,000+ - 20,000,000+
3.5%
Kingdom of Morocco and possessions
13,060,860
2.3%
Tokugawa Japan
12,000,000
2.1%
Joseon
11,000,000
1.6%
Tsardom of Russia
~9,000,000
1.6%
Safavid Iran
under 5,000,000 to near 10,000,000
1.3%
Habsburg Monarchy
7,800,000
1.3%
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
7,950,000
1.4%
England and possessions
5,600,000
1.0%
Lê dynasty (Đại Việt )
5,500,000
0.9%
Taungoo dynasty (Burma)
3,500,000
0.6%
Ahom kingdom
2,000,000-3,000,000
0.3%-0.5%
Northern Yuan
~2,760,000
0.5%
Malla
2,750,000
0.5%
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam)
c. 2,500,000
0.4%
Ethiopian Empire
2,104,000
0.4%
Republic of Venice
2,000,000
0.3%
Kingdom of Kongo
2,000,000
0.3%
Jianzhou Jurchen Confederation
<2,000,000
0.3%
Dutch Republic
1,500,000
0.3%
Cambodia
1,419,000
0.2%
Sweden
1,361,000
0.2%
Denmark–Norway
1,100,000
0.2%
Kingdom of Scotland
800,000
0.14%
Republic of Genoa
650,000
0.11%
Kingdom of Lan Xang
319,000
0.055%
Malay Sultanates of Johor , Kedah , Pattani , and Perak
<200,000 (together)
0.133%
Kingdom of Mrauk U
160,000+
0.107%
Arab Emirates
35,000
0.006%
Nan Madol (Saudeleur dynasty)
25,000
0.004%
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
15,000
0.003%