List of megaprojects

This is a list of megaprojects, which may be defined as:

  • Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a large amount of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, the natural and built environment, and budgets.
  • Projects with "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".

Some examples include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, hospitals, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems. This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.

Legend

Terms used in the Status column Status color
Proposed
In Planning, Approved, Under/In Development, Under Construction, Re-Construction In Progress, Nearly Complete
On Hold
Abandoned, Cancelled
Completed

Aerospace projects

Boeing 787
Project Companies Location Proposal year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Airbus A380 Airbus 2003 Completed 2021 $25 billion USD A double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner.
Antonov An-225 Antonov 1988 Completed This was the longest and heaviest aircraft in service until it was destroyed during the 2022 Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Only one unit was ever completed.
Boeing B-29 Superfortress Boeing United States 1943 Completed 1946 $3 billion USD The first nuclear bomber, which cost 50% more than the development of the bombs in the Manhattan Project.
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress Boeing United States 1952 Completed 1963 With six decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future.
Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft Lockheed, Boeing, US Department of Defense United States 1963 Cancelled 1971 Initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
Boeing 747 Boeing 1970 Completed 2023 A wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet, is among the world's most recognizable aircraft with uses for long-distance passenger transport, cargo, the US President's official shuttle plane, and as NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
Boeing 787 Boeing United States 2007 Completed Ongoing Made with local and globally sourced parts; the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials.
Concorde Aérospatiale, British Aircraft Corporation United Kingdom, France 1965 Completed 1979 A product of an Anglo-French government treaty, the supersonic passenger airliner Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
Convair B-58 Hustler Convair United States 1960 Completed 1970 An all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons.
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy Lockheed United States Completed Over $1 million The largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane was the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun.
F-22 Raptor Lockheed Martin United States 1996 Completed 2011 A single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter that uses stealth technology.
F-35 Lightning II Lockheed Martin United States 2006 Completed Ongoing A single seat, single engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions.
Sukhoi Su-57/HAL FGFA Sukhoi, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Russia/India Completed Two variants of fifth-generation stealth fighters jointly developed for the Russian and Indian Air Forces.
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Northrop Grumman United States 1987 Completed 2000 A US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997.
KH-11 Lockheed United States 1976 Completed 1990 Reconnaissance satellite.
Rockwell B-1 Lancer Rockwell International United States 1980s Completed A supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities.
Tupolev Tu-144 Tupolev Russia 1968 Completed The first supersonic transport aircraft. First flown on 31 Dec 1968; entered service on 26 Dec 1975.
Tupolev Tu-160 Tupolev Russia Completed The world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built.

Disaster cleanup

While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few human-made disasters. Major restoration was necessary after the destruction caused by World War I and II, some of which was paid for by German reparations for World War I and for World War II.

Project Location Disaster Disaster year Status Completion year Cost Notes Ref
Great Mississippi Flood relief Mississippi Delta region Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 1927 completed $246 million to $1 billion $4.2–$17.3 billion in 2023 dollars
Mount St. Helens eruption cleanup Washington state, USA 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens 1980 $1.1 billion
Chernobyl New Safe Confinement Chernobyl, Ukraine Chernobyl disaster 1986 Completed 2019 €2.15 billion The New Safe Confinement accounts for €1.5 billion, with the remainder going to related remedial work and maintenance.
Exxon Valdez oil spill Prince William Sound Exxon Valdez oil spill 1989 Over $2 billion
Northridge earthquake disaster relief Los Angeles, USA 1994 Northridge earthquake 1994 $13-50 billion
AZF chemical factory explosion cleanup Toulouse, France Toulouse chemical factory explosion 2001 €2 billion
Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Indian Ocean coastline areas 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2004 $6.25 billion USD
Hurricane Katrina disaster relief Atlantic basin countries Hurricane Katrina 2005 $190 billion
Deepwater Horizon cleanup Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Horizon oil spill 2010 $65 billion
Fukushima disaster cleanup Fukushima, Japan Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2011 Ongoing $187 billion USD Cost includes compensation, decontamination, interim storage, and decommissioning of reactors.
Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disaster relief Pacific Rim 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 2011 $360 billion USD Cost includes Fukushima disaster cleanup and economic losses.

Energy projects

Project Location Capacity
(MW)
Start year Status Completion year Cost Notes Ref
Australia-Asia Power Link Northern Territory, Australia Proposed $30 billion AUD (est.) Electricity infrastructure project planned to include the world's largest solar plant, the world's largest battery, and the world's longest submarine power cable. [citation needed]
Bhadla Solar Park Rajasthan, India 2,245 Completed 2020 One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.
Benban Solar Park Egypt 1,500 Completed 2019 [citation needed]
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant Morong, Bataan, Philippines Completed 1984 Over $2.3 billion USD The plant never opened due to political change and safety issues, and its planned reactivation has become the focal point of the Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines.
Boundary Dam Power Station Saskatchewan, Canada 531 1959 Completed $1.5 billion CAD The world's first large-scale, coal-fired carbon capture and storage plant
Genesis Solar Energy Project Blythe, California, USA 250 Completed 2014 One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. [citation needed]
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility Mojave Desert, California, USA 392 Completed One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. Operational since February 2014. [citation needed]
Kemper County Energy Facility Mississippi, USA 582 2010 Suspended $7.5 billion USD The world's first construction attempt of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration. However, after significant delays and cost overruns, the gasification process is currently suspended and the power plant runs just on regular natural gas.
Mojave Solar Project Barstow, California, USA 280 Completed 2014 One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. [citation needed]
Noor Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi, UAE 1,177 Completed 2019 One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.
Olkiluoto 3 Eurajoki, Finland Completed 2022 Began regular operations in April 2023.
Panamanian Natural Gas electric power plant Colón Province, Panama It is meant as a port for supplying Natural Gas to other Central American countries. It currently has an investment of $1.15 billion USD.
Pavagada Solar Park Karnataka, India 2,050 Completed 2019 One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.
Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park Bahawalpur, Pakistan 1,000 2015 In progress Phase-1 of 100 MW Operational since 2015. Expected to be one of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. [citation needed]
Solana Generating Station Gila Bend, Arizona, USA 280 Completed 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage. One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. [citation needed]
Solar Energy Generating Systems Mojave Desert, California, USA 354 1984-1991 Completed Collection of 9 units. One of the largest operational solar thermal power stations. [citation needed]
Tengger Desert Solar Park Ningxia, China 1,547 Completed 2016 One of the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.
Three Gorges Dam Hubei Province, China 22,500 1994 Completed 2003 ¥203 billion The largest hydro-electric facility in the world. [citation needed]
Tres Amigas SuperStation United States n/a Cancelled n/a $2 billion (early estimate) A proposed interconnection between the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and the Texas Interconnection, effectively connecting nearly all electrical grids in North America. [citation needed]
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station Jenkinsville, South Carolina, USA 973 2013 Cancelled Over $2.5 billion USD The project planned to construct some of the first new nuclear units in the United States in over 30 years at an existing nuclear power plant. The project was cancelled and all work stopped in July 2017.
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant Waynesboro, Georgia, USA 2013 In progress 2024 (proj.) Construction of two new nuclear units at an existing nuclear power plant. [citation needed]

Science projects

CMS detector for LHC

Research and development efforts

Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Copernicus European Union 1998 Ongoing 6.8 billion (2020) Satellite constellation program for global monitoring [citation needed]
COVID-19 vaccine development Worldwide 2020 Completed 2023 $93 billion USD (2021) Global efforts to develop a vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus
Human Genome Project United States/Worldwide 1990 Completed 2003 $5 billion USD (2021 adj.) U.S.-led international effort to sequence the human genome
Manhattan Project United States 1942 Completed 1946 $22.8 billion USD (2021 adj.) U.S. government effort to produce the first nuclear bombs.

Physics and Astronomy infrastructure

Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Atacama Large Millimeter Array Atacama Desert, Chile Completed [citation needed]
Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility Fermilab, Sanford Underground Research Facility, USA 2032 (proj.) Proposed $3 billion USD (phase 1 est.)
Electron-ion collider Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA 2020 In progress $1.6 - $2.6 billion USD [citation needed]
Envisat Outer space 2002 Completed An Earth observation satellite of the European Space Agency; inactive since 2012. [citation needed]
European Spallation Source Lund, Sweden 2013 In progress 2025 (proj.) Strongest-ever spallation source for advanced and new material research development. [citation needed]
European X-ray free electron laser Schenefeld, Germany 2017 Used for material research. [citation needed]
Extreme Light Infrastructure Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania European centers for the most intense lasers [citation needed]
Extremely Large Telescope Chile 2014 In progress 2025 (proj.) World's largest optical to mid infrared telescope. [citation needed]
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Darmstadt, Germany 2012 In progress 2025 (proj.)
Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope Guizhou Province, China 2011 Completed 2020 ¥1.2 billion The world's largest static/semi-static radio telescope measuring 500 meters across. [citation needed]
Giant Magellan Telescope Vallenar, Chile 2015 In progress 2025 (proj.) $2 billion USD A large ground-based optical and near infrared telescope. [citation needed]
India-based Neutrino Observatory Tamil Nadu, India 2015 In progress 1,500 (2015 est.) [citation needed]
ITER France 2013 In progress 2025 (proj.) Up to 65 billion (est.) International effort to build the world's largest nuclear fusion reactor.
Large Hadron Collider Switzerland, France 13 TeV CERN particle accelerator
Advanced LIGO Washington state and Louisiana, USA 1994 Completed 2002 More than $1 billion USD A large-scale physics experiment and observatory to measure gravitational waves
MYRRHA Belgium In progress 2036 (proj.) Prototype of an accelerator-driven system to transmute nuclear waste [citation needed]
National Ignition Facility Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA 1997 Completed 2009 Almost $1 billion (2002 est. United States nuclear fusion project [citation needed]
Ocean Networks Canada University of Victoria, Canada Largest underwater observatories, providing 24/7 access to hundreds of instruments in the Pacific Ocean and the Salish Sea. [citation needed]
Proton Improvement Project ("PIP II") 2020 In progress 2028 (proj.) $1.28 billion USD 2022 est.
Square Kilometre Array South Africa, Australia 2018 In progress 2028 (proj.) [citation needed]
Superconducting Super Collider Waxahachie, Texas, USA Cancelled $8.4 billion USD (1993 est.) 40 TeV particle accelerator [citation needed]
Tevatron Batavia, Illinois, USA 1969 Completed 1983 $120 million USD Inactive TeV particle accelerator. [citation needed]
Thirty Meter Telescope Mauna Kea Observatories, USA 2014 Halted Large optical and near infrared telescope. Halted due to protests. [citation needed]
Very Large Array New Mexico, USA 1973 Completed 1980 Radio astronomy observatory. [citation needed]
Wendelstein 7-X Greifswald, Germany 2005 Completed 2015 An experimental stellarator (nuclear fusion reactor) [citation needed]

Spacecraft

Project Organization(s) Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics ESA 2000s In progress 2035 (proj.) Planned X-ray telescope. [citation needed]
Cassini–Huygens NASA, ESA, ASI Completed 2017 $3.26 billion USD Spacecraft mission that studied Saturn and its many natural satellites.
Chandrayaan program ISRO 2003 Active 1364 Lunar exploration program. [citation needed]
Chang'e 1 to Chang'e 6 People's Republic of China Active Lunar exploration spacecraft equipped with landers, orbiters and rover. It will for the first time in history explore the dark side of the Moon. [citation needed]
Compass navigation system People's Republic of China Est. 2015 Completed Est. 2017 Independent system of satellite navigation [citation needed]
Europa Clipper NASA 2022 In development Interplanetary mission to study Jupiter's moon Europa. [citation needed]
Gaia spacecraft ESA 2013 Active 2025 (proj.) $1 billion USD Mission to create a 3D map of local Milky Way.
Galileo Navigation Satellite System European Union, ESA 2016 Active €5
Galileo spacecraft NASA 1989 Completed 2003 $1.5 billion USD (2003) Mission to Jupiter.
Global Positioning System United States Department of Defense 1973 Active Over $21.7 billion USD Global satellite navigation system.
GLONASS Roscosmos 1982 Active The Russian global navigation satellite system. [citation needed]
Herschel Space Observatory ESA, NASA 2009 Completed 2013 €1.1 billion Space observatory sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre bands.
Hubble Space Telescope NASA 1978 Active $10 billion USD Optical telescope orbiting in low Earth orbit
International Space Station NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA 1998 Active $150 billion USD (2010) [citation needed]
James Webb Space Telescope NASA, ESA, CSA 2021 Active $8.8 billion USD (2013) )
Juno spacecraft NASA 2011 Active New Frontiers mission to Jupiter [citation needed]
Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ESA 2023 Active Mission to Jupiter [citation needed]
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna ESA 2032 (proj.) Proposed An L3 class mission designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves. [citation needed]
Lunokhod ("Moonwalker") Soviet space program 1969 Completed 1977 Inactive series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon. Lunokhod 1 was the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world. [citation needed]
Mars program Soviet space program 1960 Completed 1973 Inactive series of uncrewed spacecraft. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars, and included flyby probes, landers and orbiters. [citation needed]
Mars Science Laboratory (with Curiosity) NASA 2011 Active $2.5 billion USD
Mars 2020 (with Perseverance and Ingenuity NASA 2020 Active A Mars rover mission under the Mars Exploration Program. [citation needed]
Mir Soviet space program, Roscosmos 1986 Completed 2001 Russian space station in low Earth orbit. [citation needed]
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope NASA 2027 (proj.) In development A wide field infrared space telescope. [citation needed]
NAVIC ISRO 2013 Active The Indian equivalent of GPS. [citation needed]
Orion spacecraft NASA 2014 Active Part of the Artemis program. [citation needed]
Planck spacecraft ESA 2009 Completed 2013 A mission to measure the cosmic microwave background. [citation needed]
Venera Soviet space program 1961 Completed 1984 Venus series space probes developed to gather data from Venus. Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on Venus and first to transmit data from there back to Earth. [citation needed]
Sutherland spaceport British space programme 2023 In development This will be the first spaceport in the UK. [citation needed]

Other spaceflight projects

Project Organization(s) Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA 2011 Active $2 billion A particle physics experiment module mounted on the International Space Station
Apollo program NASA 1960 Completed 1975 $203.4 billion USD (2015) As a centerpiece of the US Space Program, culminated in crewed exploratory missions to the Moon.
Ariane ESA 1973 Active A family of European launch vehicles; the most recent development is Ariane 6. [citation needed]
Artemis program NASA with partners JAXA, ESA, CSA, DLR, ASI, ISA 2017 Active [citation needed]
Avatar RLV DRDO, ISRO Proposed Indian version of the Space Shuttle. [citation needed]
Baikonur Cosmodrome Soviet space program, Roscosmos, Russian Aerospace Forces 1955 Active The world's first and largest operational space launch facility. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program. [citation needed]
Buran program Soviet space program, Roscosmos 1974 Cancelled 1993 Soviet version of the Space Shuttle. [citation needed]
Constellation program NASA 2005 Cancelled 2010 Cancelled planned Moon landing spacecraft and Space Shuttle replacement. Part of it lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for the ISS. [citation needed]
SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure SpaceX 2016 Active A privately funded spaceflight system capable of enabling human settlements on Mars. [citation needed]
Kennedy Space Center NASA 1968 Active The main spaceport for US-crewed space flight. [citation needed]
Shenzhou program China Manned Space Agency 1992 Active Chinese human spaceflight program. [citation needed]
Soyuz program Soviet space program, Roscosmos 1966 Active Human spaceflight program. [citation needed]
Soviet Moonshot Soviet space program 1962 Cancelled 1969 Cancelled Moon landing program. [citation needed]
Space Launch System NASA 2011 Active An American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle. [citation needed]
Space Shuttle program NASA 1972 Completed 2011 $203.6 billion USD (2015) Low Earth orbiters designed as crewed cargo vessels that could be reused after each spaceflight and landed like a glider.
Vostochny Cosmodrome ("Eastern Spaceport") Roscosmos 2011 Active Russian spaceport on the 51st parallel north. [citation needed]
Vostok program Soviet space program 1959 Completed 1963 Soviet program to put the first man in space. [citation needed]

Sports and culture projects

Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the latter part of the twentieth century and entering into the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions. The Olympic Games are considered to be the world's foremost international sporting event with over 200 nations participating. Sports-related costs for the Summer Games since 1960 is on average $5.2 billion (USD) and for the Winter Games $393.1 million dollars. The highest recorded total cost was the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, costing approximately US$55 billion. The International Olympic Committee requires a minimum of 40,000 hotel rooms available for visiting spectators and an Olympic Village that is able to house 15,000 athletes, referees, and officials.

Project Organization(s) Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Allegiant Stadium National Football League Paradise, Nevada, USA Completed 2020 $1.9 billion USD This domed stadium is home to the Las Vegas Raiders as well as a local college team, the UNLV Rebels
AT&T Stadium National Football League Arlington, Texas, USA Completed 2009 $1.3 billion (2009) A retractable-roof stadium that houses the Dallas Cowboys. It also hosts other major events, most notably the Big 12 Championship Game and Cotton Bowl Classic in college football.
Barclays Center National Basketball Association Brooklyn, New York, USA Completed 2012 $1 billion (2012) Home of the Brooklyn Nets. Also served as full-time or part-time home of the NHL's New York Islanders from 2015 to 2020.
Climate Pledge Arena National Hockey League Seattle, Washington, USA Completed 2021 $1.05 billion (2021) Renovation and expansion of Seattle's main indoor arena for the Seattle Kraken, which started NHL play in the rebuilt venue in 2021. The originally planned cost of $700 million was increased due to changes to the arena plans and COVID-19 issues. A very small part of the total cost was to pay for another major arena tenant, the Seattle Storm of the WNBA, to move its home games to other area venues during the project. The arena will also be suitable for a potential NBA franchise in the city.
Globe Life Field Major League Baseball Arlington, Texas, USA Completed 2020 $1.1 billion (2020) This retractable-roof stadium houses the Texas Rangers.
Guangzhou Evergrande Football Stadium China League One Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2020 Cancelled 2022 ¥12 billion (2022) 100,000-seat football stadium intended to be the future home of Guangzhou F.C. of the Chinese Super League. Construction began in April 2020 and cancelled in 2022 due Evergrande's financial difficulties. [citation needed]
Levi's Stadium National Football League Santa Clara, California, USA Completed 2014 $1.3 billion (2014) An open-air stadium that houses the San Francisco 49ers.
Mercedes-Benz Stadium National Football League Atlanta, Georgia, USA Completed 2017 $1.6 billion (2017) A retractable-roof stadium to house the Atlanta Falcons, as well as Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer. [citation needed]
MetLife Stadium National Football League East Rutherford, New Jersey, USA Completed 2010 $1.6 billion (2010) An open-air stadium to house two NFL teams, the New York Giants and New York Jets. [citation needed]
Narendra Modi Stadium Indian Premier League Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 2015 Completed 2020 $110 million USD (2020) It is the largest cricket stadium in the world with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.
Sardar Vallbhbhai Patel Sports Enclave Summer Olympic Games Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 2021 In progress $640 million USD (2021) [citation needed]
SoFi Stadium National Football League Inglewood, California, USA Completed 2020 $4.9 billion (2020) This domed stadium houses two NFL teams, the Los Angeles Rams, who own the stadium, and the Los Angeles Chargers.
Tottenham Hotspur Stadium Premier League London, England, UK Completed 2019 £850 million (2019) Home to the Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Also designed to host American football games in the NFL International Series
U.S. Bank Stadium National Football League Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Completed 2016 $1.061 billion (2016) A domed stadium that is home to the Minnesota Vikings.
UBS Arena National Hockey League Elmont, New York, USA 2019 Completed 2021 $1 billion (2021) This new multi-use arena is designed to handle 18,000 seats to host New York Islanders home games.
Wembley Stadium The Football Association London, England, UK Completed 2007 £798,000,000 (2007) Home of the England national football team; also designed to host many other large events.
Yankee Stadium Major League Baseball Bronx, New York, USA Completed 2009 $2.309 billion (2009) This open-air stadium opened as the replacement for the New York Yankees' original Yankee Stadium. It has since become home to a Major League Soccer team, New York City FC.

Roads and transport infrastructure

The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of Lagos to the mainland.

Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects.

Africa

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
African Union Great Green Wall of the Sahara and the Sahel Sahel region 2007 Active Effort to prevent the expansion of the Sahara Desert [citation needed]
Nigeria Abuja Light Rail Abuja, FCT, Nigeria Suspended 2020 $2.65 billion The first phase of the project connects the city centre to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway station in Idu. The first 12 stations opened in July 2018 before services were suspended in early 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Fourth Mainland Bridge Lagos State 2022 In progress $4.2 billion The fourth mainland bridge will join three other bridges connecting Lagos Island to the mainland. The 38 km (24 mi) bridge and expressway will become the longest bridge and expressway in the world when completed.
Lagos-Calabar Railway Lagos, Cross River, Rivers, Anambra States 2014 In progress $11.920 billion Phase 1 of this 1,402 km (871 mi)standard gauge railway will connect Lagos to Calabar; the second phase will connect Calabar and Lagos through Onitsha. [needs update]
Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway Lagos, Kano, Kaduna, and Oyo States; FCT 2016 In progress $8.3 billion This 2,733 km (1,698 mi) standard gauge railway has three planned routes: Abuja to Kaduna, Lagos and Ibadan, and Lagos to Kano. The first two lines opened in 2016 and 2021, respectively.
Lagos Rail Mass Transit Lagos State 2009 In progress $3.6 billion An urban rail system that is planned to have seven lines. The first line opened in 2023.
Third Mainland Bridge Lagos State 1970s Completed 1990 Currently the longest of three bridges connecting Lagos Island to mainland Lagos. It is 11 km (6.8 mi) in length. [citation needed]

Asia

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Bangladesh Padma Bridge Munshiganj, Shariatpur, and Madaripur Districts 2014 Completed 2022 $3.6 billion A 6.150 km (3.821 mi) two-level road-rail bridge. It is the longest bridge in Bangladesh, the second-longest in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and the longest over the Ganges River in terms of both span and the total length. [citation needed]
Dhaka Metro Rail Dhaka 2016 In progress $2.8 billion Of the six planned lines, two are operational as of 2022 and 2023, respectively. [citation needed]
Karnaphuli Tunnel Chittagong 2017 Completed 2023 $1.2 billion First underwater tunnel in the South Asian region. [citation needed]
Bangabandhu Railway Bridge Sirajganj to Tangail In progress $1.6 billion A 4.8 km (3.0 mi) long railway bridge that is expected to be the largest dedicated rail bridge in the country after completion. [citation needed]
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport Terminal 3 Dhaka 2019 In progress 2024 (proj.) $2.5 billion Upon completion of the third terminal, passenger handling capacity of the airport will increase to 20 million from the current 8 million per annum. Cargo handling capacity will also increase to 500,000 from 200,000 tonnes annually. [citation needed]
Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant Ishwardi 2017 In progress 2025 (proj.) $12.65 billion It will be the country's first nuclear power plant. [citation needed]
Central Business District Purbachal In progress $17 billion It will have three super-tall skyscrapers, surrounded by thirty-eight 40+ floor skyscrapers. [citation needed]
India Bharatmala Nationwide 2017 In progress More than $110 billion Road development project under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.
Char Dham Highway Uttarakhand In progress More than $1.5 billion A two-lane National Highway. [citation needed]
Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project Six Indian states In progress More than $90 billion Investments will be spread across the 1,500 km (930 mi) long Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, which will serve as the industrial corridor's transportation backbone.
Hyderabad Metro Rail Hyderabad, Telangana 2012 In progress More than $2.5 billion Two of the three planned lines became operational in 2017.
Hyperloop Nationwide Proposed Proposal to establish hyperloop infrastructure for the Pune-Mumbai, Chennai-Bangalore, and Amaravati-Vijayawada corridors.
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor Mumbai-Ahmedabad corridor In progress 2027 proj. More than $18 billion When completed, it will be India's first high-speed rail line.
Navi Mumbai International Airport Mumbai 2021 In progress 2024 (proj.) More than $2.5 billion This project aims to ease air traffic congestion at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport.
Noida International Airport Noida, Uttar Pradesh 2021 In progress More than $4 billion This airport aims to decongest the load of the Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi by serving 120 million passengers per year over eight runways. The airport is expected to expand in three phases over 30 years and will be one of the world's largest airports upon completion. Phase 1 will be completed in 2024.
Sagarmala Nationwide In progress More than $130 billion A Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways project meant to enhance the country's logistics sector.
Indonesia Jakarta MRT Jakarta In progress $2.86 billion As of 2019, one of the four planned lines is operational. The next two lines to open are expected to open in 2024 and 2026. [citation needed]
Greater Jakarta LRT Jakarta 2004 In progress 2023 $1.58 billion Phase 1, the Bekasi Line and part of the Cibubur Line, were completed in 2023.
Jakarta–Bandung HSR Java 2016 In progress $5.5 billion 3 of the 4 planned lines have been opened and are operational. [citation needed]
Trans-Sumatra Toll Road Sumatra In progress $33.2 billion Of the 17 planned segments, 8 have been completed as of 2019. [citation needed]
Japan Japan's Maglev High-Speed Rail (Chūō Shinkansen) TokyoNagoyaOsaka 2014 In progress 2037 proj. ¥9 trillion [citation needed]
Malaysia Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project Kuala Lumpur 2016 In progress 2028 proj. RM50 billion When completed, it will be operated as part of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. [citation needed]
MRL East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor 2017 In progress 2027 proj. RM44 billion [citation needed]
Kuala Lumpur International Airport Selangor 1993 Completed RM3.92 billion [citation needed]
Penang Sentral Penang 2007 Completed 2018 RM230 million [citation needed]
West Coast Expressway Selangor and Perak 2014 In progress RM5.044 billion [citation needed]
Pakistan Karachi–Lahore Motorway Karachi to Peshawar through Islamabad, Lahore, Multan and Sukkur 2015 Completed 2020 $6.6 billion This six-lane, high-speed, limited-access motorway is 1,694 km (1,053 mi) in length. [citation needed]
Karachi Circular Railway Karachi 2001 In progress $1.6 billion Revival of the Karachi Circular Railway, which became operational in 1969 and closed in 1999 due to mismanagement. The project includes 23 stations, 3 lines and more than 50 km (31 mi) of track. [citation needed]
Karachi Metrobus Karachi 2013 In progress $400 million Two of the 6 planned lines are operational. [citation needed]
Malir Expressway Karachi 2022 In progress 2024 (proj.) $400 million As of August 2023, half of the 40.3 km (25.0 mi) expressway is operational. [citation needed]
New Gwadar International Airport Gwadar In progress 2024 (proj. $400 million This will replace the existing Gwadar International Airport. [citation needed]
Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line ML-1 Multiple Pakistani provinces 2024 (proj.) In progress $7 billion This renovation is part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. [citation needed]
Orange Line Metro Lahore 2015 Completed 2020 $1.500 billion This is the first of the three planned Lahore Metro lines and is Pakistan's first driverless metro. [citation needed]
People's Republic of China China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Pakistan and Xinjiang, China In progress $62 billion The project aims to connect Gwadar Port to Xinjiang via a network of highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas. The economic corridor is expected to run about 3,000 km (1,900 mi)
Beijing Daxing International Airport Beijing 2014 Completed 2019 $17 billion [citation needed]
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Pearl River Delta 2009 Completed 2018 $10.600 billion [citation needed]
Philippines Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge Bataan-Cavite 2023 In progress $3.75 billion A 32 km (20 mi) bridge over Manila Bay that will connect Central and Southern Luzon.
Manila Metro Rail Transit System Metro Manila 1996 In progress 2028 proj. $15.845 million One line operational as of 2020. It is expected to have a total of eight lines with a total length of 142 km (88 mi).
Mindanao Railway expansion Mindanao
New Manila International Airport Bulacan 2022 In progress 2027 proj. $14.111 billion Aims to decongest and eventually replace Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It will be operated by the San Miguel Corporation.
North–South Commuter Railway Metro Manila, Central Luzon 2019 In progress 2029 proj. $14.95 billion The railway will connect Clark International Airport with Metro Manila and Calabarzon.
PNR South Long Haul Luzon In progress 2027 proj. $3.45 billion
South Luzon Expressway expansion Metro Manila, Calabarzon 2006 In progress $2.278 billion Includes Toll Road 4 from Calamba to Lucena, Toll Road 5 from Lucena to Matnog, and the Pasig River Expressway. [citation needed]
Singapore Cross Island MRT Line Nationwide 2023 In progress $40.7 billion SGD [citation needed]
Changi Airport Terminal 5 Asia–Pacific 2022 In progress Mid-2030s (proj.) $10 billion USD The terminal will be able to handle a capacity of 70 million passengers a year upon completion. [citation needed]
Marina Coastal Expressway Nationwide 2008 Completed 2013 $4.3 billion SGD First undersea expressway in Singapore.
Tuas Mega Port In progress $20 billion Tuas Port will be able to handle 65 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) annually, almost double the 36.9 million TEUs that Singapore handled in 2020. [citation needed]
South Korea Incheon International Airport Seoul Capital Area 1992 Completed 2024 (proj.) Over 3,903 trillion Intended to replace Gimpo International Airport
Thailand High-speed rail in Thailand Central, Western and Southern Thailand In progress 2037 (proj.) $30 billion The project consists of four high-speed rail corridors: one international corridor, which will be a part of the Kunming–Singapore Railway project after completion. [citation needed]
Vietnam Long Thanh International Airport Ho Chi Minh City 2019 In progress After 2035 (proj. $7.8 billion This project is partially operational. [citation needed]

Middle East

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Bahrain Bahrain International Airport Expansion Project Muharraq, Muharraq Island Completed 2021 $1.1 billion USD [citation needed]
Bahrain Light Rail Network Nationwide In progress 2025 (proj.) $2 billion USD [citation needed]
Iran Tehran-Shomal Freeway Tehran-Mazandaran province In progress About $1 billion USD Will be 121 kilometres (75 mi) in length. As of 2023, three of the four planned sections are operational.
Israel Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway Tel Aviv-Jerusalem 2001 completed $1.9 - $2.8 billion USD [citation needed]
Tel Aviv Light Rail Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area 2015 In progress 187.5 billion As of 2023, 1 of the 4 planned light rail transit has been completed. Three metro lines will also be constructed. [citation needed]
Kuwait Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway Project Kuwait Bay 2013 Completed 2019 $3 billion Launching point of Madinat Al-Hareer in Subiya. [citation needed]
Kuwait International Airport Passenger Terminal 2 Kuwait City 2017 In progress 2025 (proj.) $4.3 billion Construction was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Qatar Doha Metro Doha In progress 2026 (proj.) $36 billion Construction will add 300 km (190 mi) of track. [citation needed]
Qatar Expressway Programme Doha In progress $28 billion USD (CAPEX) This programme aims to deliver more than 800 km (500 mi) of new or upgraded roads and more than 200 interchanges in Qatar. It is part of the Qatar National Vision 2030. One of the motivating factors was the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
Saudi Arabia King Abdulaziz International Airport expansion Jeddah 2006 Completed 2019 $7.2 billion [citation needed]
Riyadh Metro Riyadh 2014 Completed 2024 (proj.) $23.5 billion
UAE Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai In progress 2030 (proj.) $82 billion Upon completion, it will be the fourth largest airport in the world.

Central America

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Costa Rica Orotina Mega Airport Orotina [citation needed]
Green Costa Rican Canal [citation needed]
Electric Train of The Great Metropolitan Area [citation needed]
Panama 4th bridge over the Panama Canal Panama Canal In progress $1.4 billion [citation needed]
Panama Metro line 1 Panama City 2010 Completed 2014 $1.8 billion [citation needed]
Panama Metro line 2 Panama City 2015 Completed 2019 $2 billion
Panama Metro line 3 Panama City 2021 In progress 2025 (proj.) $2.6 billion

Europe

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Croatia Pelješac Bridge Dubrovnik-Neretva County 2018 Completed 2022 Around €420 million (€357 million of EU funds) The bridge links the Croatian exclave to the rest of the country while bypassing Bosnia and Herzegovina's short coastal strip at Neum.
Czech Republic Blanka tunnel complex Prague 2006 Completed 2015 $1.97 billion The longest city tunnel in Europe at 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) [citation needed]
Denmark/Germany Fehmarn Belt fixed link Lolland, Fehmarn 2021 In progress €10 billion An immersed tunnel connection the Danish island of Lolland with the German island of Fehmarn. [citation needed]
European Union TEN-T Core Network Europe In progress More than €600 billion The purpose of the project is to connect nine European Corridors. The Trans-European conventional rail network is part of the EU megaproject to help alleviate and assist in the transport of goods throughout the 27 EU member states.
France Grand Paris Express Paris 2015 In progress 2030 (proj.) $45 billion Lines will be opened in stages between 2024 and 2030. [citation needed]
Germany German Reunification Transport Projects Number 8 Berlin Central Station and Nuremberg Main Station In progress $10 billion Proposed after German Reunification, this is a set of major construction projects meant to increase and improve transport links between East and West Germany. [citation needed]
Greece Athens Metro Athens 2021 In progress 2029 or 2030 (proj.) €5.75 billion Lines 1, 2 and 3 are already operational and are undergoing upgrades.
Egnatia Odos Igoumenitsa-Kipoi 1995 Completed €5.93 billion This project was built alongside the general route of the ancient Roman Via Egnatia and consisted of 670 kilometres (420 mi) of motorways.
Egnatia Railway Alexandroupolis-Igoumenitsa Approved €10 billion Proposed in 2017; upon completion, it will be Europe's largest railway megaproject.
Ionia Odos Ioannina-Gulf of Corinth 2006 Completed Over €1.1 billion As part of this project, 196 kilometres (122 mi) of motorways were built.
Thessaloniki Metro Thessaloniki 2006 In progress 2024 (proj.) €2.26 billion The purpose of the project is to create a 35-station underground rapid transit system in Greece's second-largest city. Construction has been delayed due to the Greek financial crisis.
ThessalonikiKavalaXanthi railway Northern Greece In progress €1.25 A new electrified railway line running parallel to the Egnatia Odos highway, cutting travel times and will replace the existing Thessaloniki–Alexandroupoli railway which was built during the Ottoman Empire.
Tithorea-Domokos bypass Phthiotis Municipality 1997 Completed 2019 €1.8 billion A total of 106 km (66 mi) of high-speed railways were built as a bypass to the existing conventional mountainous railway line linking Thessaloniki with Athens, including 35.5 kilometres (22.1 mi) of tunnels and 6.8 km (4.2 mi) of bridges.
Montenegro Bar-Boljare motorway Bar, Boljare 2015 In progress 2022 $3 billion The highway is 40.871 km (25.396 mi) long ad tunnels and bridges make up about 60% of the entire route. The first section between Podgorica and Mateševo opened in July 2022. [citation needed]
Norway Coastal Highway E39 Trondheim-Kristiansand 2018 In progress 382kr billion The purpose of the project is to replace all ferry links along the route with fixed connections to reduce travel time from 21 hours to 11 hours. Construction is uncertain and each project will be evaluated separately. [citation needed]
InterCity Østlandet In progress 2034 (proj.) 50kr billion (2022) Project to connect all major towns in the vicinity of Oslo by a double-rail line. [citation needed]
Line T6 Oslo, Bærum 2020 In progress 2027 (proj.) $13.32kr billion A new metro line stretching from Majorstuen to Fornebu through Oslo. [citation needed]
Poland Central Transport Hub Gmina Baranów Proposed More than $8 billion Airport/train station in Warsaw. Phase 1 is scheduled to open in 2027.
Portugal Vasco da Gama Bridge Lisbon 1995 Completed 1998 $1.1 billion It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 12.3 km (7.6 mi), including 0.8 km (0.50 mi) for the main bridge and 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts. [citation needed]
Serbia Belgrade Metro Belgrade 2021 In progress 2028 (proj.) $5 billion This construction will includes 43 stations and 2 lines. [citation needed]
Belgrade-Boljare motorway Belgrade, Boljare In progress $2.5 billion Part of the Belgrade-Bar motorway. The second section is the most expensive section of the entire motorway due to unfavourable terrain, requiring the construction of many tunnels and bridges. [citation needed]
Belgrade Waterfront Belgrade 2014 In progress $3.5 billion An urban renewal development project. [citation needed]
Serbia-Hungary Budapest–Belgrade railway Budapest-Belgrade 2021 In progress Around $5 billion This will connect the two capitals by high-speed rail. This is stage one of the Budapest–Belgrade–Skopje–Athens railway, which itself is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative. [citation needed]
Serbia-North Macedonia-Greece Morava-Vardar Canal Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece Proposed $17 billion This would make Great Morava and South Morava accessible to boats from Thessaloniki and make Morava and Vardar navigable rivers, and clean them for passage of boats. China has a vested interest in building the canal.[why?]
Slovenia Divača–Koper Railway upgrade Slovenia 2021 In progress 2025 (proj.) $1.175 billion This 27.1 kilometres (16.8 mi) railway will better connect inland regions with the seaside and port of Koper.
Switzerland Gotthard Base Tunnel Alps 1999 Completed 2015 CHF 9.56 billion At 57 km (35 mi), it became the world's longest and deepest rail tunnel upon its completion in 2015. [citation needed]
United Kingdom Expansion of Heathrow Airport London Proposed $25.24 billion USD This construction would add a third runway and an additional terminal. [citation needed]
Irish Sea Bridge Irish Sea
-
Abandoned
-
£335 billion Abandoned due to cost.
High Speed 2 Greater London, South East England, West Midlands 2020 In progress 2040 (proj.) £98 billion [citation needed]
London Crossrail Project Elizabeth line Greater London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex 2009 Completed 2022 £18.8 billion Fully operational by May 2023.
M8 motorway Glasgow-Edinburgh 2015 Completed 2017 £30 million [citation needed]
Northern Powerhouse Rail Northern England Proposed 2033 (proj.) $19 billion USD Sometimes referred to as High Speed 3. [citation needed]

North America

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Canada Southwest Calgary Ring Road Calgary 2016 Completed 2021 More than $5 billion Part of the CANAMEX Corridor and the Stoney Trail.
West Calgary Ring Road[clarification needed] Calgary In progress 2024 (proj.) More than $1 billion [citation needed]
Calgary LRT Expansion Calgary 2022 In progress 2026 (proj.) More than $4.5 billion [citation needed]
New Champlain Bridge Corridor Project Québec 2015 Completed 2019 $4.24 billion Replaced the existing Champlain Bridge. [citation needed]
Confederation Bridge The Maritimes 1993 Completed 1997 $1.3 billion The 12.9 km (8.0 mi) bridge is the longest bridge in the world crossing ice-covered water. [citation needed]
Confederation Line Ottawa 2013 Completed 2019 $2.1 billion The largest project in Ottawa since the Rideau Canal. (Phase 1).
Crowchild Trail Upgrades Calgary After 2027 (proj.) Approved 2030 (proj.) More than $3 billion [citation needed]
Gordie Howe International Bridge Windsor, Ontario 2018 In progress 2025 (proj.) $5.7 billion International cable stayed bridge over the Detroit River between Canada and the United States. [citation needed]
Line 5 Eglinton Toronto 2011 In progress 2024 (proj.) $9.1 billion
Port Mann Bridge Vancouver 2009 Completed 2015 $1.93 billion The widest bridge in the world at the time of opening. The cable-stayed bridge uses 288 cables to reach the total bridge length of 6,866 feet (2,093 m)
Réseau Express Métropolitain Montréal 2018 In progress 2027 (proj.) $6.95 billion Partly operational beginning in July 2023, with other parts expecting to be opened in stages between 2024 and 2027.
Mexico Durango-Mazatlán Highway Durango-Sinaloa 2008 Completed 2012 $1.4 billion The Baluarte Bridge, which is part of the highway, received a Guinness World Record for being the highest suspension bridge in western Mexico. [citation needed]
Mexico City Texcoco Airport Mexico City
-
Cancelled
-
$13.3 billion After taking office, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador cancelled this mega-project in favor of a "metropolitan airport system", which kept the two-runway Benito Juárez International Airport from being decommissioned. [citation needed]
Felipe Ángeles International Airport Mexico City 2019 In progress $7.1 billion The airport's first terminal and two runways were opened in 2022. [citation needed]
United States Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel Seattle 2007 Completed $3.1 billion [citation needed]
Big Dig Boston 1991 Completed 2007 $14.6 billion ($24.3 billion after interest) [citation needed]
Brightline West Las Vegas Valley-Greater Los Angeles 2023 (proj.) In progress 2027 (proj.) $10 billion This link would connect with the California High-Speed Rail. [citation needed]
California High-Speed Rail Los Angeles-San Francisco In progress 2030 (proj.) $100 billion A 1,300 km (810 mi) high-speed rail system is expected to be completed in phases up to 2030. [citation needed]
Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program Chicago In progress 2025 (proj.) $4.6 billion CREATE is a railway improvement program consisting of 70 projects, including the construction of grade separations, overpasses, and other rail projects.
Crescent Corridor Expansion Northeast to Southeast regions In progress $2.5 billion This project covers 4,023 km (2,500 mi) and thirteen states.
East Side Access Manhattan and Queens 2007 Completed 2023 More than $11.1 billion This network expansion project intended to increase direct services into Grand Central Terminal and decrease congestion in Midtown Manhattan. It also provides regular access from the New Haven and Hudson Lines to Penn Station. [citation needed]
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge Seattle 2011 Completed 2016 $4.56 billion This 2,350 m (7,710 ft) long floating bridge is the longest of its type in the world; its predecessor previously held the title. [citation needed]
Interstate Highway System Nationwide 1956 Completed 2018 $500 billion [citation needed]
John F. Kennedy International Airport Redevelopment New York City 2020 In progress $19 billion Phase 1, which covers Terminals 1, 4, 6, and 8, is expected to be completed by 2026. The redevelopment project aims to rebuild passenger facilities and approaches to the airport. [citation needed]
LaGuardia Airport Project New York City 2016 In progress 2024 (proj.) $8 billion A complete retrofit of the airport was expected by 2022 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [citation needed]
Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles In progress $14 billion Renovation of existing terminals, as well as new terminals and infrastructure. [citation needed]
Newark Airport Terminal A Newark Completed 2023 $14 billion Construction added a new parking garage, 33 gates, and a walkway connecting the AirTrain, parking garage, and terminal. [citation needed]
O'Hare Modernization Plan Chicago 2001 Completed 2021 $8.8 billion
Ohio River Bridges Project Louisville, Kentucky Completed 2016 $2.3 billion The project involved reconstructing the Kennedy Interchange, the completion of two new Ohio River bridges and the reconstruction of ramps on Interstate 65. The final project omitted some features of the original plan.
Project Connect Austin, Texas In progress $7.1 billion Public transit expansion including the construction of two new light rail lines, a new commuter rail line, and a bus rapid transmit line. The project has undergone several cuts since its passing in 2020. The project started construction in 2021 and is expected to be completed by 2034.
Puget Sound Gateway Program Seattle & Tacoma, Washington 2015 In progress 2028 (proj.) $2.38 billion This project includes the completion of SR 167 between Puyallup and Tacoma and of SR 509 from I-5 to Burien.
Reagan Airport's Project Journey Washington, D.C. 2018 Completed 2021 $1 billion This renovation introduced a new security building and checkpoints and added a new 14-gate concourse. [citation needed]
San Francisco International Airport Redevelopment San Francisco In progress 2024 (proj.) $2.4 billion The airport began a multiphase renovation project to turn Terminal 1 into a more environmentally friendly passenger facility. [citation needed]
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge San Francisco-Oakland, California 2002 Completed 2013 $6.4 billion [citation needed]
Second Avenue Subway Project Manhattan 1972 In progress $17 billion The proposed full line would be 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long, with 16 stations and a projected ridership of 560,000 people. Phase 1 opened in 2017. [citation needed]
Washington Metro Silver Line Washington, D.C. 2009 Completed 2022 $6.8 billion Phase 1 linked DC to Dulles International Airport and to four Virginia cities, and was opened in 2014. Phase 2 focused on urban development to reduce reliance on highways in Tysons and opened in 2022. [citation needed]
Sound Transit 3 Seattle Late 2020s (proj.) Planned 2041 (proj.) $50 billion This project is to expand the current light rail and bus system currently used by the city and is to be completed in stages from 2024 to 2041. [citation needed]

Oceania

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Australia Central Station Redevelopment Sydney-Eveleigh Proposed $10 billion Extension of Sydney's CBD with an approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) long renewal corridor
Cross River Rail Brisbane 2017 In progress 2026 (proj.) $5.4 billion Upon completion, it will be the first rail-only Brisbane River crossing since the completion of the Merivale Bridge in 1978
Metro Tunnel Melbourne 2017 In progress 2024 (proj.) $11 billion This construction includes two 9 km (5.6 mi) rail tunnels and five new underground stations. [citation needed]
North East Link Melbourne 2020 In progress 2028 (proj.) $15.8 billion This will connect the M80 Ring Road to the Eastern Freeway. [citation needed]
OneSKY Canberra In progress 2024 (proj.) $2 billion Replacement for the Australian Advanced Air Traffic System.
Suburban Rail Loop Melbourne 2022 In progress 2050 (proj.) $50 billion The East and North sections, the two main ones, are planned to form a single 60 km (37 mi), fully-automated orbital metro line through the middle suburbs. Construction began on SRL East in 2022.
Sydney Metro City & Southwest Sydney 2017 In progress 2024 (proj.) $20.5 billion (2023) 30 km (19 mi) rapid transit railway line.
Sydney Metro West Sydney 2020 In progress 2033 (proj.) $27 billion AUD 24 km (15 mi) rapid transit railway line.

Planned cities and urban renewal projects

Africa

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Egypt Madinaty Cairo Governorate 2006 In progress $10 billion Housing project.
New Administrative Capital Cairo Governorate 2015 Completed 2025 (proj.) $250 billion Phase 1 of 3 was completed in 2023. The full project is expected to house 6,500,000 people. [citation needed]
New Alamein City Matrouh Governorate 2015 In progress $60 billion Construction is spread out over three phases. [citation needed]
Galala City Suez Governorate 2018 In progress $63 billion Construction is spread out over three phases. Phase 1 has been completed.
New Mansoura City Cairo Governorate 2017 In progress $3.7 billion [citation needed]
Ethiopia Chaka Project Addis Ababa 2022 In progress $16 billion [citation needed]
Kenya Konza Technopolis Konza Planned $14.5 billion Part of Kenya Vision 2030. [citation needed]
Nigeria Abuja Federal Capital Territory 1980s Completed Abuja has been the capital of Nigeria since 1991 and is among the four largest urban areas in Nigeria.
Asokoro Island Abuja In progress $1 billion A peninsula development located in Abuja's Asokoro district on approximately 60 hectares of land.
Centenary City Federal Capital Territory 2014 In progress $18 billion A planned smart city to mark the country's centennial anniversary. It is expected to house 400,000 residents.
Eko Atlantic Lagos State 2007 In progress $6 billion This planned city is being built on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the project anticipates at least 250,000 residents and an additional daily flow of 150,000 commuters.
Festac Town Phase 2 Lagos State In progress $2.4 billion Phase 2 of the development was approved in 2014.
Lekki Lagos State In progress Phase 1 was completed and is currently in use. Other phases of the project include areas for free-trade zones, an airport, and a seaport. The completed city is expected to accommodate more than 3.4 million residents with an influx of 1.9 million commuters.
South Africa Modderfontein New City Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality
-
Abandoned
-
$7.8 billion

Asia

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
India Chennai Bangalore Industrial Corridor Chennai-Bangalore In progress [citation needed]
Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Delhi-Mumbai In progress 2037 (proj.) $90 billion The project aims to create seven smart cities distributed along the backbone of the freight corridor between Delhi and Mumbai. [citation needed]
Dholera SIR Gujarat Planned Before 2040 (proj.) Part of India's Smart Cities Mission. [citation needed]
Gujarat International Finance Tec-City Gujarat 2007 In progress 2025 (proj.) $20 billion India's first International Financial Services Centre. The city is operational, with the fourth and final phase of the project commencing in 2021.
Mumbai-Bangalore Economic Corridor Bangalore-Mumbai Proposed [citation needed]
Navi Mumbai India In progress $13.4 billion World's largest planned city. Contains a population of 2.6 million.
Visakhapatnam–Chennai Industrial Corridor Vizag-Chennai Proposed Part of the East Coast Economic Corridor. [citation needed]
Indonesia Ancol Dreamland Jakarta Completed 600-hectare integrated tourism area. [citation needed]
BSD City Greater Jakarta Completed 1989 6000 hectares. [citation needed]
Lippo Cikarang Greater Jakarta 1990 Completed $18.75 billion A township and industrial park on 332 hectares of land. [citation needed]
Pantai Indah Kapuk Jakarta Completed A prestigious gated community. [citation needed]
Japan Roppongi Hills Tokyo 2000 Completed 2003 $4 billion USD One of Japan's largest integrated property developments. [citation needed]
Sky Mile Tower Tokyo Proposed If built, construction would conclude around 2045. The tower would stand 1.7 kilometres (5,600 ft) high and have a capacity of around 55,000 people. [citation needed]
Malaysia Forest City Johor Bahru In progress 2035 (proj.) $100 billion USD A private town on reclaimed land. [citation needed]
Iskandar Malaysia Johor Bahru 2006 In progress $100 billion USD [citation needed]
KL River City Kuala Lumpur In progress Rm16.5 billion Rehabilitation project along the Gombak River.
Melaka Gateway Malacca City 2014 In progress 2025 (proj.) $400 billion USD [citation needed]
Merdeka 118 Kuala Lumpur 2016 Completed 2023 Rm5 billion Upon completion, it became the tallest building in Malaysia. [citation needed]
Putrajaya Sepang District 1995 Completed $8.1 billion USD In 1999, most of the seats of government moved from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya. [citation needed]
Pakistan Bahria Paradise Karachi In progress Part of Bahria Town [citation needed]
Bahria Town Karachi 2014 In progress $1 billion USD A gated community near Karachi.
Bundel Island City Karachi Proposed $50 billion USD While the project has been long proposed, it has never materialized due to environmental concerns, especially the threat to mangroves, and objections from the Sindh Government. [citation needed]
Capital Smart City Islamabad Planned A planned housing development and smart city near New Islamabad International Airport. [citation needed]
Crescent Bay Karachi 2006 In progress 2050 (proj.) $2.4 billion USD An upscale, mixed-use oceanfront development in Karachi. [citation needed]
DHA City (DCK) Karachi Planned Upon completion, the new city anticipates at least 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 50,000 commuters.
Gwadar Port City Gwadar $62 billion [citation needed]
Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory 1960s Completed 24 billion Replaced Karachi as Pakistan's capital city. Islamabad has a population of 2.2 million.
LDA City Lahore In progress The city is to be built on a 3,059 hectare piece of virgin land and is the largest housing development in Punjab.
Port Tower Complex Karachi Planned $350 million USD The 593 metres (1,946 ft) tall skyscraper will be situation on a manmade island and, upon completion, will be the tallest building in South Asia. [citation needed]
Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project Lahore 2020 In progress $41.04 billion USD 70,000-acre urban development along both sides of the Ravi River.
People's Republic of China Todtown Shanghai 2014 Completed 2022 $1.5 billion USD A mixed-use development. [citation needed]
Philippines Bonifacio Global City Metro Manila Completed Previously occupied by the Philippine Army headquarters, it is currently one of Metro Manila's main central business districts. [citation needed]
Eastwood City Quezon City Completed A high-density mixed-use development. [citation needed]
Entertainment City Manila Bay In progress $15 billion USD An entertainment complex intended to be the Philippine counterpart of Macau and Las Vegas. It is built upon reclaimed land along Manila Bay. [citation needed]
Lancaster New City Zone 1 and Zone 2 Cavite In progress 2,000 hectare planned community.
New Clark City Tarlac, Pampanga In progress 3.2 billion A 9,450-hectare planned city modeled after South Korea's Songdo City. [citation needed]
Nuvali Laguna In progress 2,290 hectare planned community.
Sri Lanka Colombo Port City Colombo 2014 In progress 2041 (proj.) $15 billion USD A reclaimed offshore city that serves as a special economic zone and international financial centre.

Middle East

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Azerbaijan Khazar Islands Baku Archipelago Stalled $100 billion USD Artificial archipelago consisting of 41 islands spreading 3,000 hectares. It is expected to house 1 million people upon completion. [citation needed]
Iran Iran Mall Tehran In progress SAR220 trillion The project spans more than 1.6 million square meters that includes shopping mall, two tower, two 5 star hotels, and a lake.
Iraq The Bride of the Gulf Basra Proposed Part of Basra's project to rebuild. [citation needed]
Jordan Abdali Project Amman In progress $5 billion USD This project is being developed on 384,000 square metres (0.148 sq mi) of land, intending to create a total built-up area of over 1,700,000 m2 (0.66 sq mi).
Kuwait Madinat al-Hareer Kuwait 2019 In progress $632 billion USD A 250 km2 (62,000 acres) planned urban area. [citation needed]
Qatar Lusail Al Daayen Municipality Completed $45 billion USD Host city of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. As of 2022, it has a population of 198,600 people. [citation needed]
Saudi Arabia Jeddah Economic City Jeddah 2013 In progress 2030 (proj.) SAR75 billion The centerpiece of the development project will be the SAR4.45 billion Jeddah Tower, a tower planned to become the tallest in the world. [citation needed]
King Abdullah Economic City Mecca Province In progress $100 billion USD Phase 1 was completed in 2010. [citation needed]
King Abdullah Financial District Riyadh In progress $78 billion USD One of five phases has been completed. [citation needed]
Masjid al-Haram Mecca Completed 2020 $100 billion [citation needed]
Neom Tabuk Province 2017 In progress 2039 (proj. $500 billion USD A planned urban area containing The Line and Neom Bay Airport.
United Arab Emirates Burj Al Arab Dubai 1994 Completed 1999 AED3.7 billion The third tallest hotel in the world. [citation needed]
Burj Khalifa Dubai 2004 Completed 2009 AED5.51 billion The tallest building in the world since its grand opening in January 2010. [citation needed]
Business Bay Dubai In progress AED110.18 billion Once completed, it will be the region's business capital and will be composed primarily of office and residential towers. [citation needed]
Dubai Creek Tower Dubai 2016 In progress AED3.67 billion When completed, it will surpass the height of the Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building since 2010. [citation needed]
Dubai International City Dubai 2004 In progress AED348.65 billion The city is expected to house 60,000 residents when completed. [citation needed]
Dubai Marina Dubai In progress A district of Dubai and the world's largest manmade marina. The area is operational and continues to undergo development. [citation needed]
Dubai Meydan City Dubai In progress AED8.08 billion [citation needed]
Dubai Waterfront Dubai
-
Cancelled
-
After persistent erosion issues and the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the project was cancelled. [citation needed]
Dubailand Dubai 2003 In progress 2025 (proj.) AED245.99 billion Originally intended to be the largest leisure development in the world, Dubailand faced financial trouble during the 2007-2008 crisis. Plans have been scaled down since. [citation needed]
Falconcity of Wonders Dubai 2005 In progress $36.5 billion USD [citation needed]
Jumeirah Garden City Dubai Stalled AED348.65 billion [citation needed]
Mall of the World Dubai Planned 2029 (proj.) $6.8 billion USD Upon completion, this will be the world's largest shopping mall. [citation needed]
Masdar City Abu Dhabi 2006 In progress AED80.8 billion The city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero-carbon, zero-waste ecology and will be a car free city. [citation needed]
Palm Deira Dubai 2005 One of the Palm Islands. [citation needed]
Palm Jebel Ali Dubai 2001 Stalled $4 billion USD One of the Palm Islands. [citation needed]
Palm Jumeirah Dubai 2001 Completed $12.3 billion USD The world's largest manmade island. [citation needed]
The Universe Dubai Indefinite hold A planned artificial archipelago in the shape of the Milky Way and Solar System. [citation needed]
The World Dubai 2003 In progress $14 billion USD An artificial archipelago of various small islands constructed in the rough shape of a world map [citation needed]
Yas Island Abu Dhabi In progress $36 billion USD A leisure island that is home to Yas Marina Circuit, which has hosted the Formula One Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since 2009. [citation needed]

Eurasia

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Republic of Turkey İstanbul Finance Center İstanbul In progress 7.58 billion [citation needed]
Turkey Urban Renewal Project Nationwide 2012 In progress 2032 (proj.) 757.84 billion Fikirtepe, a neighborhood of Kadıköy has been chosen as pilot area for project.
Russian Federation Lakhta Centre Lakhta, Saint Petersburg 2012 Completed 2019 77.1 billion It is the tallest building in both Russia and Europe and replaced the cancelled Okhta Center. [citation needed]
Moscow International Business Center Moscow 1995 In progress 2030 (proj. More than 309 billion The complex is home to the highest numbers of skyscrapers in Europe. [citation needed]
Okhta Center Saint Petersburg Cancelled
-
65 billion Cancelled due to protests from the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, who wanted to preserve the skyline of Saint Petersburg's historic district. [citation needed]

Europe

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
France Europa City Gonesse 2016 Cancelled 2019 €3.07 billion Construction began in 2016 but was cancelled in 2019 due to local opposition and concerns about the project's environmental impact. [citation needed]
La Défense (1958–2014) Paris metropolitan area 1958 Completed 2014 More than Fr41.972 billion La Défense is Europe's largest purpose-built business district. [citation needed]
La Défense (2016–Present) Paris metropolitan area 2016 In progress More than €903 million This project includes modernization and refurbishment of the existing area, as well as the addition of green spaces. [citation needed]
Germany Potsdamer Platz Redevelopment Berlin Completed [citation needed]
HafenCity Hamburg 2003 In progress 2030 (proj.) One of the largest urban redevelopment projects in Europe by landmass. [citation needed]
Norway Fjordbyen Oslo 1980s In progress An urban redevelopment project. [citation needed]
Oslo Airport City Oslo In progress [citation needed]
Romania Esplanada City Center Bucharest
-
Cancelled
-
$4.2 billion USD A planned multifunctional city center in Bucharest. [citation needed]
Spain Bilbao Renovation Project Bilbao 1990s Completed A deindustrialisation process beginning in the 1990s with the construction of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao [citation needed]
Cuatro Torres Business Area Madrid 2004 Completed 2021 $1 billion USD (est.) A complex of four skyscrapers, including Torre Cepsa, in Madrid's financial district. [citation needed]
Madrid Nuevo Norte Madrid 2021 (proj.) In progress 2045 (proj. $10.55 billion USD Expansion of the existing Paseo de la Castellana. [citation needed]
Southeast developments Madrid In progress 2040-2050 (proj. More than $3.5 billion USD Expansion of the city with the creation of six new neighborhoods: Los cerros, Ensanche de Vallecas, Valdecarros, El Cañaveral, Los Berrocales, and El Ahijones. These additions expect to create 145,637 homes. [citation needed]
Sweden Million Programme Nationwide 1965 Completed 1974 $5 billion USD (approx. A public housing program meant to establish affordable housing. [citation needed]
Northvolt Gigafactories Skellefteå, Västerås 2021 In progress 2024 (proj.) $4.7 billion USD Lithium ion battery factory development.
Redevelopment of Slussenområdet Stockholm In progress Kr12 billion
Relocation of Kiruna Centrum Kiruna In progress 2035 (proj.) $2.1 billion USD
United Kingdom Big City Plan Birmingham 1994 In progress 2030s (proj.) £12.75 billion Redevelopment of Birmingham to escape their image of being a concrete jungle. [citation needed]
Battersea Power Station Redevelopment London 2012 Completed 2022 £13.25 billion Modernisation of a defunct coal power station into a shopping centre. [citation needed]
Embassy Gardens London Completed 2019 £2.1 billion Residential and business development district. [citation needed]
Greenwich Peninsula London 1990s In progress 2030s (proj.) £8 billion [citation needed]
Pilgrim Street East Newcastle upon Tyne In progress 2025 (proj.) More than £400 million [citation needed]
Royal Wharf London 2014 In progress £3.1 billion Originally slated for completion in 2020, the development was nearly finished in 2021. [citation needed]
Stratford City London In progress £3.5 billion Originally slated for completion by 2020. [citation needed]
Wembley Park London In progress 2024 (proj.) £1.1 billion [citation needed]

North America

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Canada Downtown Markham Ontario In progress 2025 (proj.) $4 billion CAD One of the many city center projects in York Region. [citation needed]
Oakridge Centre Redevelopment Vancouver 2019 In progress 2028 (proj. $5 billion CAD This project will turn Oakridge Centre into the second largest shopping mall in British Columbia.
Mexico Cancún[vague] Quintana Roo Completed One of the largest tourist destinations in North America. [citation needed]
Santa Fe, Mexico City[vague] Mexico City Completed [citation needed]
United States 53 West 53 Manhattan 2015 Completed 2019 $1.2 billion USD A supertall, primarily residential skyscraper. A restaurant and MoMA also lease space in the building.
Apple Park Cupertino, California 2014 Completed 2017 More than $3 billion USD Apple Inc.'s flagship headquarters. [citation needed]
Battery Park City Manhattan 1970s Completed More than $1.4 billion USD A mainly residential 92-acre (37 ha) planned community at the southwestern tip of the island of Manhattan, more than 1/3 of which is parkland.
Hunters Point Naval Shipyard and Candlestick Park Redevelopment Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco In progress After 2028 (proj.) $8 billion USD [citation needed]
Blue Oval City Stanton, Tennessee Planned $5.6 billion USD Large-scale Ford electric vehicle complex that will include a vehicle assembly plant, a battery plant, supplier facilities, and battery recycling operations.
BlueOval SK Battery Park Glendale, Kentucky In progress 2025 (proj.) $5.8 billion USD Large-scale battery plant that includes two plants that will produce batteries for Ford and Lincoln electric vehicles.
Brickell City Centre Brickell district, Downtown Miami 2012 In progress $1.05 billion USD A shopping and mixed-use project that will eventually include One Brickell Centre. [citation needed]
Brickell Key Miami Completed More than $2 billion USD A manmade island on reclaimed land.
CityCenter Las Vegas Strip 2006 Completed 2009 $11 billion USD The largest privately-financed development in the United States. [citation needed]
Comcast Technology Center Philadelphia 2014 Completed 2017 $1.5 billion USD Ninth-tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. [citation needed]
Cornell Tech campus Roosevelt Island, Manhattan 2014 In progress 2037 (proj.) $2 billion USD A graduate campus and research center for Cornell University. The first phase opened for use in 2017. [citation needed]
Encore Boston Harbor Everett, Massachusetts 2016 Completed 2019 $2.5 billion USD A casino resort property that is the largest single private development in state history. [citation needed]
Generation Park Houston 2014 In progress More than $10 billion USD A 4,200 acre, privately-owned and master-planned commercial development.
Gigafactory 1 Reno 2014 Completed 2017 $5 billion USD A lithium-ion battery plant owned and operated by Tesla, Inc. [citation needed]
Hollywoodland Middletown, Ohio
-
Canceled
-
$1.3 billion USD A massive mixed-use development expected to include a destination entertainment district and theme park. The project was cancelled in 2022.
Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project West Side Yard, Manhattan 2012 In progress 2027 (proj.) $20 billion USD A mixed-use real estate development. [citation needed]
Lincoln Yards Project Chicago Stalled $6 billion USD Development of 55 acres of a defunct steel mill park. [citation needed]
Miami Worldcenter Miami In progress $4 billion USD A large mixed-use development over 25 acres of land. Two buildings, including the Paramount Miami Worldcenter, opened in 2019. [citation needed]
Mission Bay Redevelopment San Francisco In progress $1 billion USD [citation needed]
Pacific Park Brooklyn In progress 2025 (proj.) $8 billion USD A mixed-use commercial and residential development project that includes Barclays Center, which opened in 2012. [citation needed]
Parkmerced San Francisco In progress 2035 (proj.) $1.35 billion USD [citation needed]
Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex Potter Township 2017 $6 billion USD An ethylene cracker plant owned by Shell Oil Company. Operations began in 2022. [citation needed]
Port Covington Baltimore 2019 In progress 2040 (proj. $5.5 billion USD [citation needed]
Riverside South Manhattan 1997 Completed 2020 $3 billion USD An urban development project. [citation needed]
San Francisco Transbay development San Francisco 2005 In progress 2030 (proj.) $4.5 billion USD This project will include a new Transbay Transit Center. The Salesforce Tower opened in 2018. [citation needed]
Sasol Ethane Cracker Complex Project Louisiana In progress $11 billion USD A large-scale ethane cracker complex. [citation needed]
San Diego State University Mission Valley Mission Valley In progress 2030s (proj.) $3.5 billion USD An expansion of the SDSU's campus on the former site of San Diego Stadium. Snapdragon Stadium opened in 2022. [citation needed]
Treasure Island Redevelopment San Francisco 2016 In progress 2028 (proj.) $6 billion USD [citation needed]
Tri-County Mall Redevelopment Springdale, Ohio Proposed $1.3 billion USD Redevelopment of a shopping mall into a multi-use space. [citation needed]
Vista Tower Project Chicago 2016 Completed 2020 $1 billion USD It is the tallest structure designed by a woman in the world.
Washington State Convention Center Expansion Seattle 2018 Completed 2023 $1.6 billion USD [citation needed]
Wilshire Grand Center Los Angeles 2014 Completed 2017 $1.2 billion USD At 1,100 feet (0.34 km), it is the tallest building west of the Mississippi River. [citation needed]
Rebuilding of the World Trade Center Manhattan 2006 On hold $32 billion USD This was part of the recovery from the September 11 attacks. One, Three, Four, and Seven World Trade Center Towers have been completed as of 2018.

Oceania

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Australia Barangaroo Redevelopment Sydney 2012 In progress 2023 (proj.) $6 billion [citation needed]
Queen's Wharf, Brisbane Brisbane 2018 In progress 2024 (proj.) $3 billion Integrated resort development on the north bank of the Brisbane River.
Victorian Desalination Plant Bass Coast Shire 2009 Completed 2012 $4 billion Built to provide more drinking water to Melbourne. [citation needed]
New Zealand Christchurch Rebuild Christchurch 2020 (proj.) $17 billion Recovery from earthquakes in 2010–2011. [citation needed]

South America

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Brazil Brasília Brasília 1956 Completed 1960 $21.9 billion At the close of the 20th century, Brasília was the largest city in the world that had not existed at the beginning of the century.
Colombia Bogotá Urban Renewal Bogotá In progress $50 billion USD Includes building over 60 skyscrapers, 500 highrises, 3 new CBDs, a subway system, and a smart city near Usaquén [citation needed]

Water-related

Ports, waterways, canals, and locks for ships carrying passengers and cargo are built as megaprojects.

Africa

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Egypt New Suez Canal Ismailia and Suez Governates 2014 Completed 2015 $8.4 billion USD [citation needed]
Suez Canal Ismailia and Suez Governates 1859 Completed 1869 $100 million (1869) [citation needed]
Ethiopia Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Benishangul-Gumuz Region 2011 Completed 2022 $5 billion USD The dam is located on the Blue Nile River. [citation needed]
Kenya Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor Lamu Stalled KSh $2 trillion [citation needed]
Nigeria Badagry Deep Sea Port Badagry Approved $2.3 billion USD The project, which has been stalled for years, was most recently approved in October 2022.
Lekki Port Lekki 2015 Completed 2022 $1.65 billion USD Phase one became operational in 2018.
Tanzania Bagamoyo Port Bagamoyo 2023 (proj.) Stalled $10 billion USD [citation needed]

Asia

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
India Sagar Mala project Nationwide In progress 8.5 trillion This project includes creating six mega-ports, modernising existing ports, developing the 14 Coastal Economic Zones and Units, and enhancing port connectivity.
Japan Kamaishi Tsunami Protection Breakwater Kamaishi, Iwate c. 1989 Completed 2009 $1.5 billion USD After three decades of development, the tsunami barrier was proven ineffective against the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. [citation needed]
Pakistan Dasu Dam Dasu 2019 In progress 2015 (proj.) $4.278 billion USD The 242 m (794 ft) tall dam will support a 4,320 MW hydropower station, to be built in two 2,160 MW stages.
Diamer-Bhasha Dam Indus River 2020 In progress 2028 (proj.) $14 billion USD
Mohmand Dam Mohmand District 2019 In progress 2028 (proj.) $2.1 billion USD An under-construction, multi-purpose, concrete-faced, rock-filled dam, which will generate 740 MW of hydroelectricity, irrigate 15,100 acres of land and control floods downstream.
People's Republic of China South–North Water Transfer Project North and south China 2003 In progress $79 billion USD
Three Gorges Dam Yiling District 1994 Completed 2003 $59 billion USD [citation needed]
Sri Lanka Colombo Harbour Expansion Project Colombo 2008 Completed 2013 $1.2 billion [citation needed]

Middle East

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Israel National Water Carrier of Israel Nationwide 1953 Completed 1964 $1.08 billion USD [citation needed]
Palestine National Water Carrier of Palestine Completed 1956 About $1.1 billion USD [citation needed]

Central America

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Nicaragua Nicaragua Canal Punta Brito-Bluefields
-
Abandoned
-
$100 billion USD (est.) This shipping route was meant to connect the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean.
Panama Panama Canal Colón and Panamá Provinces 1904 Completed 1914 $360 million USD [citation needed]
Panama Canal Colón and Panamá Provinces 2007 Completed 2016 B/.5.25 billion [citation needed]

Europe

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Denmark Energy islands of Denmark North Sea, Baltic Sea Approved 2030 (proj.) kr210 billion Two Energy Islands will become the world's first offshore energy hubs and are estimated to initially provide 5 gigawatts of power. [citation needed]
Netherlands Delta Works Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta area 1954 Completed 1997 ƒ22,412 billion A series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from the sea. The project was proposed after the North Sea Flood of 1953. [citation needed]
Zuiderzee Works North Sea 1927 Completed 1933 A human-made system of dams and dikes, land reclamation and water drainage work, in total the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the 20th century. [citation needed]
Norway Stad Ship Tunnel Vestland 2023 In progress 2026 (proj.) kr3 billion A planned canal and tunnel to bypass the dangerous coast of the Stad Peninsula. When built, it will be the first full-size ship tunnel in the world. [citation needed]

North America

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Canada Rideau Canal Ontario 1826 Completed 1832 £822,804 (1834) A 202 kilometres (126 mi) waterway built to provide a secure supply and communications route between Montreal and the British naval base in Kingston. [citation needed]
Cuba New Port of Mariel Development Project Mariel Completed $900 million
Mexico Dos Bocas Refinery Tabasco Planned [citation needed]
Port of Veracruz Expansion Veracruz In progress $5 billion USD [citation needed]
United States Intracoastal Waterway Boston-Brownsville, Texas Completed A 3,000-mile (4,800 km) inland waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. [citation needed]

South America

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Brazil Porto Maravilha Rio de Janeiro 1870s Completed 1910 R$69.965 billion Third-busiest port in Brazil.

Hospitals

Europe

Country Project Location Start year Status End year Cost Notes Ref
Ireland New children's hospital Dublin 2016 In progress 2025 (proj. €2.2 billion

See also


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