Macro-Arawakan languages
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (November 2018) |
Macro-Arawakan | |
---|---|
Arawakan | |
(controversial) | |
Geographic distribution | Widest geographical area of any language group in Latin America, see Geographic distribution. |
Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
Arawakan languages (blue dots), Guajiboan languages (violet dots), and Arauan languages (green dots). Paler areas represent probable extension at the time of contact. |
Macro-Arawakan is a proposed language family of South America and the Caribbean centered on the Arawakan languages. Sometimes, the proposal is called Arawakan, and the central family is called Maipurean.
Proposals
Kaufman (1990) includes the following:
Payne (1991) and Derbyshire (1992) have:
Jolkesky (2016) argues for the following:
According to Jolkesky (op. cit., 611-616), the proto-Macro-Arawakan language would have been spoken in the Middle Ucayali River Basin during the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, and its speakers would have produced Tutishcainyo pottery in the region.
Martins (2005: 342–370) groups the Arawakan and Nadahup languages together as part of a proposed Makúan-Arawakan (Nadahup-Arawakan) family, but this proposal has been rejected by Aikhenvald (2006: 237).
Carvalho (2021) notes that the Arawakan and Arawan families have had significant long-term mutual interaction, but does not consider the two language families to be related. According to Carvalho (2021), the Juruá-Purus linguistic corridor had facilitated the migration of Arawakan speakers to the southern fringes of the Amazon basin.
Pronouns
Pronominal system of the Macro-Arawakan languages:
language I you (sg) he/she/it we you (pl) they Proto-Arawakan *nu/*ni- *pɨ- *tʰu *wi/*wa- *hi- *ra- Munichi -nɨ/-ɲɨ -pɨ - -wɨ -di -ra ‘3’ Puquina no, -ni-; po, -p-, -pi ʧu, -su- - - - Candoshi no - su- ija, iː si - Yanesha' na, no, ne pʲa, pʲo, pe - ja, jo, je sa, so, se - Aguachile ni pi - waʔaha - -
Lexicon
Several words in the basic lexicon of the Macro-Arawakan languages were pointed out as possible cognates:
language father eye neck hair bone firewood dung sleep die house tooth stone water sky Proto-Arawakan *apa *uke *ʧano *si *napɨ *tsɨma *itika *maka *kama *pana, *ponku *ahtse *kʰiba *uni *enu Munichi – ukɨ (head) – uɕi – ʧu(-sɨ) ('fire') kʲa – kma hna di – idɨ – Puquina – juqe – – – – – miha – – – – unu haniɡo ('high') Candoshi apaː – ʂano ʃi nap somaː-si ('fire') ʧikaː makija – paNkoː nas – – kaniːNta Yanesha' apa – ʧnoːpʲ ʃe napo ʦoːm tʲoʔj -maʔ ʐomu pokoːlʲ ahs – onʲ enet Aguachile – – asanu – – – – – – pani(ʃi) asi ipa – enui