Okinawan language

Okinawan
  • 沖縄口
  • ウチナーグチ
  • Uchināguchi
Pronunciation[ʔut͡ɕinaːɡut͡ɕi]
Native toJapan
RegionSouthern Okinawa Islands
Native speakers
Shifting (2000)
Language codes
ISO 639-3ryu
Glottologcent2126
ELPSouth-Central Okinawan
Linguasphere
  • 45-CAC-ai
  • 45-CAC-aj
  • 45-CAC-ak
 Northern Okinawan or Kunigami
 South–Central Okinawan or Shuri–Naha
Okinawan is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Okinawan language (沖縄口, ウチナーグチ, Uchināguchi, [ʔut͡ɕinaːɡut͡ɕi]) or Central Okinawan is a Northern Ryukyuan language spoken primarily in the southern half of the island of Okinawa, as well as in the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kumejima, Tonaki, Aguni and a number of smaller peripheral islands. Central Okinawan distinguishes itself from the speech of Northern Okinawa, which is classified independently as the Kunigami language. Both languages are listed by UNESCO as endangered.

Though Okinawan encompasses a number of local dialects, the ShuriNaha variant is generally recognized as the de facto standard, as it had been used as the official language of the Ryukyu Kingdom since the reign of King Shō Shin (1477–1526). Moreover, as the former capital of Shuri was built around the royal palace, the language used by the royal court became the regional and literary standard, which thus flourished in songs and poems written during that era.

Today, most Okinawans speak Okinawan Japanese, although a number of people still speak the Okinawan language, most often the elderly. Within Japan, Okinawan is often not seen as a language unto itself but is referred to as the Okinawan dialect (沖縄方言, Okinawa hōgen) or more specifically the Central and Southern Okinawan dialects (沖縄中南部諸方言, Okinawa Chūnanbu Sho hōgen). Okinawan speakers are undergoing language shift as they switch to Japanese, since language use in Okinawa today is far from stable. Okinawans are assimilating and accenting standard Japanese due to the similarity of the two languages, the standardized and centralized education system, the media, business and social contact with mainlanders and previous attempts from Japan to suppress the native languages. Okinawan is still kept alive in popular music, tourist shows and in theaters featuring a local drama called uchinā shibai, which depict local customs and manners.

History

Pre-Ryukyu Kingdom

Okinawan is a Japonic language, derived from Proto-Japonic and is therefore related to Japanese. The split between Old Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages has been estimated to have occurred as early as the 1st century AD to as late as the 12th century AD. Chinese and Japanese characters were first introduced by a Japanese missionary in 1265.

Ryukyu Kingdom era

Pre-Satsuma

Hiragana was a much more popular writing system than kanji; thus, Okinawan poems were commonly written solely in hiragana or with little kanji. Okinawan became the official language under King Shō Shin. The Omoro Sōshi, a compilation of ancient Ryukyuan poems, was written in an early form of Okinawan, known as Old Okinawan.

Post-Satsuma to annexation

After Ryukyu became a vassal of Satsuma Domain, kanji gained more prominence in poetry; however, official Ryukyuan documents were written in Classical Chinese. During this time, the language gradually evolved into Modern Okinawan.

In 1609, the Ryukyu Kingdom was colonized by the Satsuma Domain in the south of Japan. However, Satsuma did not fully invade the Ryukyu in fear of colliding with China, which had a stronger trading relationship with the Ryukyu at the time.

Japanese annexation to end of World War II

When Ryukyu was annexed by Japan in 1879, the majority of people on Okinawa Island spoke Okinawan. Within 10 years, the Japanese government began an assimilation policy of Japanization, where Ryukyuan languages were gradually suppressed. The education system was the heart of Japanization, where Okinawan children were taught Japanese and punished for speaking their native language, being told that their language was just a "dialect". By 1945, many Okinawans spoke Japanese, and many were bilingual. During the Battle of Okinawa, some Okinawans were killed by Japanese soldiers for speaking Okinawan.[citation needed]

Language shift to Japanese in Ryukyu/Okinawa began in 1879 when the Japanese government annexed Ryukyu and established Okinawa Prefecture. The prefectural office mainly consisted of people from Kagoshima Prefecture where the Satsuma Domain used to be. This caused the modernization of Okinawa as well as language shift to Japanese. As a result, Japanese became the standard language for administration, education, media, and literature.

In 1902, the National Language Research Council (国語調査委員会) began the linguistic unification of Japan to Standard Japanese. This caused the linguistic stigmatization of many local varieties in Japan including Okinawan. As the discrimination accelerated, Okinawans themselves started to abandon their languages and shifted to Standard Japanese.

American occupation

Under American administration, there was an attempt to revive and standardize Okinawan, but this proved difficult and was shelved in favor of Japanese. General Douglas MacArthur attempted to promote Okinawan languages and culture through education. Multiple English words were introduced.

Return to Japan to present day

After Okinawa's reversion to Japanese sovereignty, Japanese continued to be the dominant language used, and the majority of the youngest generations only speak Okinawan Japanese. There have been attempts to revive Okinawan by notable people such as Byron Fija and Seijin Noborikawa, but few native Okinawans know the language.

Outside of Japan

Sign in Okinawa Uno (a colonia in Bolivia), in Spanish and Okinawan: the text reads めんそ〜れ オキナワへ, Menso~re Okinawa-e.

The Okinawan language is still spoken by communities of Okinawan immigrants in Brazil. The first immigrants from the island of Okinawa to Brazil landed in the Port of Santos in 1908 drawn by the hint of work and farmable land. Once in a new country and far from their homeland, they found themselves in a place where there was no prohibition of their language, allowing them to willingly speak, celebrate and preserve their speech and culture, up to the present day. Currently the Okinawan-Japanese centers and communities in the State of São Paulo are a world reference to this language helping it to stay alive.

Classification

Okinawan is sometimes grouped with Kunigami as the Okinawan languages; however, not all linguists accept this grouping, some claiming that Kunigami is a dialect of Okinawan. Okinawan is also grouped with Amami (or the Amami languages) as the Northern Ryukyuan languages.

Dialect of the Japanese language

Since the creation of Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawan has been labeled a dialect of Japanese as part of a policy of assimilation. Later, Japanese linguists, such as Tōjō Misao, who studied the Ryukyuan languages argued that they are indeed dialects. This is due to the misconception that Japan is a homogeneous state (one people, one language, one nation), and classifying the Ryukyuan languages as such would discredit this belief. The present-day official stance of the Japanese government remains that Okinawan is a dialect, and it is common within the Japanese population for it to be called 沖縄方言 (okinawa hōgen) or 沖縄弁 (okinawa-ben), which means "Okinawa dialect (of Japanese)". The policy of assimilation, coupled with increased interaction between Japan and Okinawa through media and economics, has led to the development of Okinawan Japanese, which is a dialect of Japanese influenced by the Okinawan and Kunigami languages. Japanese and Okinawan only share 60% of the same vocabulary, despite both being Japonic languages.

Dialects of the Ryukyuan language

Okinawan linguist Seizen Nakasone states that the Ryukyuan languages are in fact groupings of similar dialects. As each community has its own distinct dialect, there is no "one language". Nakasone attributes this diversity to the isolation caused by immobility, citing the story of his mother who wanted to visit the town of Nago but never made the 25 km trip before she died of old age.

Its own distinct language

Outside Japan, Okinawan is considered a separate language from Japanese. This was first proposed by Basil Hall Chamberlain, who compared the relationship between Okinawan and Japanese to that of the Romance languages. UNESCO has marked it as an endangered language.

Sociolinguistics

UNESCO listed six Okinawan language varieties as endangered languages in 2009. The endangerment of Okinawan is largely due to the shift to Standard Japanese. Throughout history, Okinawan languages have been treated as dialects of Standard Japanese. For instance, in the 20th century, many schools used "dialect tags" to punish the students who spoke in Okinawan. Consequently, many of the remaining speakers today are choosing not to transmit their languages to younger generations due to the stigmatization of the languages in the past.

There have been several revitalization efforts made to reverse this language shift. However, Okinawan is still poorly taught in formal institutions due to the lack of support from the Okinawan Education Council: education in Okinawa is conducted exclusively in Japanese, and children do not study Okinawan as their second language at school. As a result, at least two generations of Okinawans have grown up without any proficiency in their local languages both at home and school.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-Mid e o
Open a

The Okinawan language has five vowels, all of which may be long or short, though the short vowels /e/ and /o/ are quite rare, as they occur only in a few native Okinawan words with heavy syllables with the pattern /Ceɴ/ or /Coɴ/, such as /meɴsoːɾeː/ mensōrē "welcome" or /toɴɸaː/ tonfā. The close back vowels /u/ and /uː/ are truly rounded, rather than the compressed vowels of standard Japanese.

Consonants

The Okinawan language counts some 20 distinctive segments shown in the chart below, with major allophones presented in parentheses.

IPA chart of Okinawan consonants
Labial Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal
Palatal Labio-
velar
Velar Uvular/
Glottal
Nasal m n (ŋ) (ɴ)
Plosive p   b t   d t͡ɕ   d͡ʑ   ɡʷ k   ɡ ʔ
Fricative ɸ s  (z) (ɕ) (ç) h
Flap ɾ
Approximant j w

The only consonant that can occur as a syllable coda is the archiphoneme |n|. Many analyses treat it as an additional phoneme /N/, the moraic nasal, though it never contrasts with /n/ or /m/.

The consonant system of the Okinawan language is fairly similar to that of standard Japanese, but it does present a few differences on the phonemic and allophonic level. Namely, Okinawan retains the labialized consonants /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ which were lost in Late Middle Japanese, possesses a glottal stop /ʔ/, features a voiceless bilabial fricative /ɸ/ distinct from the aspirate /h/, and has two distinctive affricates which arose from a number of different sound processes. Additionally, Okinawan lacks the major allophones [t͡s] and [d͡z] found in Japanese, having historically fronted the vowel /u/ to /i/ after the alveolars /tdsz/, consequently merging [t͡su] tsu into [t͡ɕi] chi, [su] su into [ɕi] shi, and both [d͡zu] dzu and [zu] zu into [d͡ʑi] ji. It also lacks /z/ as a distinctive phoneme, having merged it into /d͡ʑ/.

Bilabial and glottal fricatives

The bilabial fricative /ɸ/ has sometimes been transcribed as the cluster /hw/, since, like Japanese, /h/ allophonically labializes into [ɸ] before the high vowel /u/, and /ɸ/ does not occur before the rounded vowel /o/. This suggests that an overlap between /ɸ/ and /h/ exists, and so the contrast in front of other vowels can be denoted through labialization. However, this analysis fails to take account of the fact that Okinawan has not fully undergone the diachronic change */p//ɸ/*/h/ as in Japanese, and that the suggested clusterization and labialization into */hw/ is unmotivated. Consequently, the existence of /ɸ/ must be regarded as independent of /h/, even though the two overlap. Barring a few words that resulted from the former change, the aspirate /h/ also arose from the odd lenition of /k/ and /s/, as well as words loaned from other dialects. Before the glide /j/ and the high vowel /i/, it is pronounced closer to [ç], as in Japanese.

Palatalization

The plosive consonants /t/ and /k/ historically palatalized and affricated into /t͡ɕ/ before and occasionally following the glide /j/ and the high vowel /i/: */kiri//t͡ɕiɾi/ chiri "fog", and */k(i)jora//t͡ɕuɾa/ chura- "beautiful". This change preceded vowel raising, so that instances where /i/ arose from */e/ did not trigger palatalization: */ke//kiː/ "hair". Their voiced counterparts /d/ and /ɡ/ underwent the same effect, becoming /d͡ʑ/ under such conditions: */unaɡi//ʔɴnad͡ʑi/ Qnnaji "eel", and */nokoɡiri//nukud͡ʑiɾi/ nukujiri "saw"; but */kaɡeɴ//kaɡiɴ/ kagin "seasoning".

Both /t/ and /d/ may or may not also allophonically affricate before the mid vowel /e/, though this pronunciation is increasingly rare. Similarly, the fricative consonant /s/ palatalizes into [ɕ] before the glide /j/ and the vowel /i/, including when /i/ historically derives from /e/: */sekai/[ɕikeː] shikē "world". It may also palatalize before the vowel /e/, especially so in the context of topicalization: [duɕi] dushi[duɕeː] dusē or dushē "(topic) friend".

In general, sequences containing the palatal consonant /j/ are relatively rare and tend to exhibit depalatalization. For example, /mj/ tends to merge with /n/ ([mjaːku] myāku[naːku] nāku "Miyako"); */rj/ has merged into /ɾ/ and /d/ (*/rjuː//ɾuː/ ~ /duː/ "dragon"); and /sj/ has mostly become /s/ (/sjui/ shui/sui/ sui "Shuri").

Flapping and fortition

The voiced plosive /d/ and the flap /ɾ/ tend to merge, with the first becoming a flap in word-medial position, and the second sometimes becoming a plosive in word-initial position. For example, /ɾuː/ "dragon" may be strengthened into /duː/ , and /hasidu/ hashidu "door" conversely flaps into /hasiɾu/ hashiru. The two sounds do, however, still remain distinct in a number of words and verbal constructions.

Glottal stop

Okinawan also features a distinctive glottal stop /ʔ/ that historically arose from a process of glottalization of word-initial vowels. Hence, all vowels in Okinawan are predictably glottalized at the beginning of words (*/ame//ʔami/ ami "rain"), save for a few exceptions. High vowel loss or assimilation following this process created a contrast with glottalized approximants and nasal consonants. Compare */uwa//ʔwa/ Qwa "pig" to /wa/ wa "I", or */ine//ʔɴni/ Qnni "rice plant" to */mune//ɴni/ nni "chest".

Moraic nasal

The moraic nasal /N/ has been posited in most descriptions of Okinawan phonology. Like Japanese, /N/ (transcribed using the small capital /ɴ/) occupies a full mora and its precise place of articulation will vary depending on the following consonant. Before other labial consonants, it will be pronounced closer to a syllabic bilabial nasal [m̩], as in /ʔɴma/ [ʔm̩ma] Qnma "horse". Before velar and labiovelar consonants, it will be pronounced as a syllabic velar nasal [ŋ̍], as in /biɴɡata/ [biŋ̍ɡata] bingata, a method of dying clothes. And before alveolar and alveolo-palatal consonants, it becomes a syllabic alveolar nasal /n̩/, as in /kaɴda/ [kan̩da] kanda "vine". In some varieties, it instead becomes a syllabic uvular nasal [ɴ̩]. Elsewhere, its exact realization remains unspecified, and it may vary depending on the first sound of the next word or morpheme. In isolation and at the end of utterances, it is realized as a velar nasal [ŋ̍].

Correspondences with Japanese

Correspondences between Japanese and Okinawan
Japanese Okinawan Notes
/e/ /iː/
/i/
/a/ /a/
/o/ /u/
/u/
/ai/ /eː/
/ae/
/au/ /oː/
/ao/
/aja/
/k/ /k/ /ɡ/ also occurs
/ka/ /ka/ /ha/ also occurs
/ki/ /t͡ɕi/ [t͡ɕi]
/ku/ /ku/ /hu/, [ɸu] also occurs
/si/ /si/ /hi/, [çi] also occurs
/su/ /si/ [ɕi]; formerly distinguished as [si]
/hi/ [çi] also occurs
/tu/ /t͡ɕi/ [t͡ɕi]; formerly distinguished as [t͡si]
/da/ /ra/ [d] and [ɾ] have merged
/de/ /ri/
/do/ /ru/
/ni/ /ni/ Moraic /ɴ/ also occurs
/nu/ /nu/
/ha/ /ɸa/ /pa/ also occurs, but rarely
/hi/ /pi/ ~ /hi/
/he/
/mi/ /mi/ Moraic /ɴ/ also occurs
/mu/ /mu/
/ri/ /i/ /iri/ is unaffected
/wa/ /wa/ Tends to become /a/ medially

Orthography

The Tamaoton no Hinomon (玉陵の碑文), referred to as the Tamaudun no Hinomon in modern Japanese, is the oldest known inscription of Okinawan using both hiragana and kanji.

The Okinawan language was historically written using an admixture of kanji and hiragana. The hiragana syllabary is believed to have first been introduced from mainland Japan to the Ryukyu Kingdom some time during the reign of king Shunten in the early thirteenth century. It is likely that Okinawans were already in contact with hanzi (Chinese characters) due to extensive trade between the Ryukyu Kingdom and China, Japan and Korea. However, hiragana gained more widespread acceptance throughout the Ryukyu Islands, and most documents and letters were exclusively transcribed using this script, in contrast to in Japan where writing solely in hiragana was considered "women's script". The Omoro Sōshi (おもろさうし), a sixteenth-century compilation of songs and poetry, and a few preserved writs of appointments dating from the same century were written solely in Hiragana. Kanji were gradually adopted due to the growing influence of mainland Japan and to the linguistic affinity between the Okinawan and Japanese languages. However, it was mainly limited to affairs of high importance and to documents sent towards the mainland. The oldest inscription of Okinawan exemplifying its use along with Hiragana can be found on a stone stele at the Tamaudun mausoleum, dating back to 1501.

After the invasion of Okinawa by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma in 1609, Okinawan ceased to be used in official affairs. It was replaced by standard Japanese writing and a form of Classical Chinese writing known as kanbun. Despite this change, Okinawan still continued to prosper in local literature up until the nineteenth century. Following the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government abolished the domain system and formally annexed the Ryukyu Islands to Japan as the Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. To promote national unity, the government then introduced standard education and opened Japanese-language schools based on the Tokyo dialect. Students were discouraged and chastised for speaking or even writing in the local "dialect", notably through the use of "dialect cards" (方言札). As a result, Okinawan gradually ceased to be written entirely until the American takeover in 1945.

Since then, Japanese and American scholars have variously transcribed the regional language using a number of ad hoc romanization schemes or the katakana syllabary to demarcate its foreign nature with standard Japanese. Proponents of Okinawan tend to be more traditionalist and continue to write the language using hiragana with kanji. In any case, no standard or consensus concerning spelling issues has ever been formalized, so discrepancies between modern literary works are common.

Syllabary

Technically, they are not syllables, but rather morae. Each mora in Okinawan will consist of one or two kana characters. If two, then a smaller version of kana follows the normal sized kana. In each cell of the table below, the top row is the kana (hiragana to the left, katakana to the right of the dot), the middle row in rōmaji (Hepburn romanization), and the bottom row in IPA.

Vowel
Consonant
a i u e o ya yi yu ye yo wa wi wu we wo n
(none) あ・ア
a
[a]
い・イ
i
[i]
う・ウ
u
[u]
え・エ
e
[e]
お・オ
o
[o]
や・ヤ
ya
[ja]
いぃ・イィ
yi
[ji]
ゆ・ユ
yu
[ju]
えぇ・エェ
ye
[je]
よ・ヨ
yo
[jo]
わ・ワ
wa
[wa]
ゐ・ヰ
wi
[wi]
をぅ・ヲゥ
wu
[wu]
ゑ・ヱ
we
[we]
を・ヲ
wo
[wo]
ん・ン
n
[ɴ] ([n̩], [ŋ̣], [ṃ])
Q
(glottal stop)
あ・ア
Qa
[ʔa]
い・イ
Qi
[ʔi]
う・ウ
Qu
[ʔu]
え・エ
Qe
[ʔe]
お・オ
Qo
[ʔo]
っや・ッヤ
Qya
[ʔʲa]
っゆ・ッユ
Qyu
[ʔʲu]
っよ・ッヨ
Qyo
[ʔʲo]
っわ・ッワ
Qwa
[ʔʷa]
っゐ・ッヰ
Qwi
[ʔʷi]
っゑ・ッヱ
Qwe
[ʔʷe]
っを・ッヲ
Qwo
[ʔʷo]
っん・ッン
Qn
[ʔɴ] ([ʔn̩], [ʔṃ])
k か・カ
ka
[ka]
き・キ
ki
[ki]
く・ク
ku
[ku]
け・ケ
ke
[ke]
こ・コ
ko
[ko]
きゃ・キャ
kya
[kʲa]
きゅ・キュ
kyu
[kʲu]
きょ・キョ
kyo
[kʲo]
くゎ・クヮ
kwa
[kʷa]
くぃ・クィ
kwi
[kʷi]
くぇ・クェ
kwe
[kʷe]
くぉ・クォ
kwo
[kʷo]
g が・ガ
ga
[ɡa]
ぎ・ギ
gi
[ɡi]
ぐ・グ
gu
[ɡu]
げ・ゲ
ge
[ɡe]
ご・ゴ
go
[ɡo]
ぎゃ・ギャ
gya
[ɡʲa]
ぎゅ・ギュ
gyu
[ɡʲu]
ぎょ・ギョ
gyo
[ɡʲo]
ぐゎ・グヮ
gwa
[ɡʷa]
ぐぃ・グィ
gwi
[ɡʷi]
ぐぇ・グェ
gwe
[ɡʷe]
ぐぉ・グォ
gwo
[ɡʷo]
s さ・サ
sa
[sa]
すぃ・スィ
si
[si]
す・ス
su
[su]
せ・セ
se
[se]
そ・ソ
so
[so]
sh しゃ・シャ
sha
[ɕa]
し・シ
shi
[ɕi]
しゅ・シュ
shu
[ɕu]
しぇ・シェ
she
[ɕe]
しょ・ショ
sho
[ɕo]
z ざ・ザ
za
[za]
ずぃ・ズィ
zi
[zi]
ず・ズ
zu
[zu]
ぜ・ゼ
ze
[ze]
ぞ・ゾ
zo
[zo]
j じゃ・ジャ
(ぢゃ・ヂャ)

ja
[dʑa]
じ・ジ
(ぢ・ヂ)

ji
[dʑi]
じゅ・ヂュ
(ぢゅ・ヂュ)

ju
[dʑu]
じぇ・ジェ
(ぢぇ・ヂェ)

je
[dʑe]
じょ・ジョ
(ぢょ・ヂョ)

jo
[dʑo]
t た・タ
ta
[ta]
てぃ・ティ
ti
[ti]
とぅ・トゥ
tu
[tu]
て・テ
te
[te]
と・ト
to
[to]
d だ・ダ
da
[da]
でぃ・ディ
di
[di]
どぅ・ドゥ
du
[du]
で・デ
de
[de]
ど・ド
do
[do]
ts つぁ・ツァ
tsa
[t͡sa]
つぃ・ツィ
tsi
[t͡si]
つ・ツ
tsu
[t͡su]
つぇ・ツェ
tse
[t͡se]
つぉ・ツォ
tso
[t͡so]
ch ちゃ・チャ
cha
[t͡ɕa]
ち・チ
chi
[t͡ɕi]
ちゅ・チュ
chu
[t͡ɕu]
ちぇ・チェ
che
[t͡ɕe]
ちょ・チョ
cho
[t͡ɕo]
ya yu yo
n な・ナ
na
[na]
に・ニ
ni
[ni]
ぬ・ヌ
nu
[nu]
ね・ネ
ne
[ne]
の・ノ
no
[no]
にゃ・ニャ
nya
[ɲa]
にゅ・ニュ
nyu
[ɲu]
にょ・ニョ
nyo
[ɲo]
long vowel double consonant
〜(あ、い、う、え、お)・ー
~(a, i, u, e, o)
~[Vː]
っ・ッ
(Any consonant)
[Cː]
h は・ハ
ha
[ha]
ひ・ヒ
hi
[çi]
へ・ヘ
he
[he]
ほ・ホ
ho
[ho]
ひゃ・ヒャ
hya
[ça]
ひゅ・ヒュ
hyu
[çu]
ひょ・ヒョ
hyo
[ço]
f ふぁ・ファ
fa
[ɸa]
ふぃ・フィ
fi
[ɸi]
ふ・フ
fu/hu
[ɸu]
ふぇ・フェ
fe
[ɸe]
ふぉ・フォ
fo
[ɸo]
b ば・バ
ba
[ba]
び・ビ
bi
[bi]
ぶ・ブ
bu
[bu]
べ・ベ
be
[be]
ぼ・ボ
bo
[bo]
p ぱ・パ
pa
[pa]
ぴ・ピ
pi
[pi]
ぷ・プ
pu
[pu]
ぺ・ペ
pe
[pe]
ぽ・ポ
po
[po]
m ま・マ
ma
[ma]
み・ミ
mi
[mi]
む・ム
mu
[mu]
め・メ
me
[me]
も・モ
mo
[mo]
みゃ・ミャ
mya
[mʲa]
みゅ・ミュ
myu
[mʲu]
みょ・ミョ
myo
[mʲo]
r ら・ラ
ra
[ɾa]
り・リ
ri
[ɾi]
る・ル
ru
[ɾu]
れ・レ
re
[ɾe]
ろ・ロ
ro
[ɾo]
りゃ・リャ
rya
[ɾʲa]
りゅ・リュ
ryu
[ɾʲu]
りょ・リョ
ryo
[ɾʲo]

Grammar

Okinawan follows a subject–object–verb word order and makes large use of particles as in Japanese. Okinawan dialects retain a number of grammatical features of classical Japanese, such as a distinction between the terminal form (終止形) and the attributive form (連体形), the genitive function of ga (lost in the Shuri dialect), the nominative function of nu (Japanese: no), as well as honorific/plain distribution of ga and nu in nominative use.

Okinawan conjugation
書く kaku
to write
Classical Shuri
Irrealis 未然形 書か kaka- kaka-
Continuative 連用形 書き kaki- kachi-
Terminal 終止形 書く kaku kachun
Attributive 連体形 書く kaku kachuru
Realis 已然形 書け kake- kaki-
Imperative 命令形 書け kake kaki

One etymology given for the -un and -uru endings is the continuative form suffixed with uri (Classical Japanese: 居り wori, to be; to exist): -un developed from the terminal form uri; -uru developed from the attributive form uru, i.e.:

  • kachuru derives from kachi-uru;
  • kachun derives from kachi-uri; and
  • yumun (Japanese: 読む yomu, to read) derives from yumi + uri.

A similar etymology is given for the terminal -san and attributive -saru endings for adjectives: the stem suffixed with sa (nominalises adjectives, i.e. high → height, hot → heat), suffixed with ari (Classical Japanese: 有り ari, to exist; to have), i.e.:

  • takasan (Japanese: 高い takai, high; tall) derives from taka-sa-ari;
  • achisan (Japanese: 暑い atsui, hot; warm) derives from atsu-sa-ari; and
  • yutasaru (good; pleasant) derives from yuta-sa-aru.

Parts of speech

Nature of the part of speech in a sentence Part of speech
Independent No conjugation Can become a subject Noun (名詞)
Pronoun (代名詞)
Cannot become a subject Other words come after Modifies Modifies a declinable word Adverb (副詞)
Modifies a substantive Prenominal adjective (連体詞)
Connects Conjunction (接続詞)
Other words may not come after Interjection / exclamation (感動詞)
Conjugates Declinable word Shows movements Conclusive form ends in "ん (n)" Verb (動詞)
Shows the property or state Conclusive form ends in "さん (san)" Adjective (形容詞)
Shows existence or decision of a certain thing "やん (yan)" attaches to a substantive such as a noun Existential-identificative verb (存在動詞)
Shows state of existence of events "やん (yan)" attaches to the word that shows state Adjectival verb (形容動詞)
Dependent Conjugates Makes up for the meanings of conjugated words Conclusive form ends in "ん (n)" Auxiliary Verb (助動詞)
No conjugation Attaches to other words and shows the relationship between words Particle (助詞)
Attaches to the head of a word and adds meaning or makes a new word Prefix (接頭語)
Attaches to the end of a word and adds meaning or makes a new word Suffix (接尾語)

Nouns (名詞)

Nouns are classified as independent, non-conjugating part of speech that can become a subject of a sentence

Pronouns (代名詞)

Pronouns are classified the same as nouns, except that pronouns are more broad.

Okinawan pronouns
Singular Plural
Personal Demonstrative Personal Demonstrative
Thing Place Direction Thing Place Direction
1st person
  • 我ん (wan)
  • わー ()
  • わみ (wami)
  • 我達 (wattā)
  • いがろー (igarō)
2nd person
  • やー ()
  • やーみ (yāmi)
  • なー ()
  • なーみ (nāmi)
  • 御所 (unju)
  • いったー (ittā)
  • なったー (nattā)
  • うんじゅなーたー (unjunātā)
3rd person Proximal くり (kuri) くり (kuri) くま (kuma)
  • くま (kuma)
  • くがた (kugata)
くったー (kuttā) くったー (kuttā) くま (kuma)
  • くま (kuma)
  • くがた (kugata)
Medial うり (uri) うり (uri) うま (uma)
  • うま (uma)
  • うがた (ugata)
うったー (uttā) うったー (uttā) うま (uma)
  • うま (uma)
  • うがた (ugata)
Distal あり (ari) あり (ari) あま (ama)
  • あま (ama)
  • あがた (agata)
あったー (attā) あったー (attā) あま (ama)
  • あま (ama)
  • あがた (agata)
Indefinite
  • たー ()
  • (ta)
じる (jiru) まー ()
  • まー ()
  • まーかた (mākata)
たったー (tattā) じる (jiru) まー ()
  • まー ()
  • まーかた (mākata)

Adverbs (副詞)

Adverbs are classified as an independent, non-conjugating part of speech that cannot become a subject of a sentence and modifies a declinable word (用言; verbs, adverbs, adjectives) that comes after the adverb. There are two main categories to adverbs and several subcategories within each category, as shown in the table below.

Okinawan adverbs
Adverbs that shows state or condition
Okinawan Japanese English Example
Time
ひっちー (hitchī)
  • しょっちゅう (shotchū)
  • いつも (itsumo)
  • 始終 (shijū)
Always

あぬ

Anu

夫婦ふぃとぅんだー

fitundā

ひっちー

hitchī,

たっくゎいむっくゎい

takkwaimukkwai

びけーそーん。

bikēsōn.

あぬ 夫婦ふぃとぅんだー ひっちー、 たっくゎいむっくゎい びけーそーん。

Anu fitundā hitchī, takkwaimukkwai bikēsōn.

あの

Ano

夫婦

fūfu

wa

いつも

itsumo,

寄り添って

yorisotte

ばかり

bakari

いる。

iru.

あの 夫婦 は いつも、 寄り添って ばかり いる。

Ano fūfu wa itsumo, yorisotte bakari iru.

That couple is always sticking close.

まーるけーてぃ (mārukēti) たまに (tamani) Occasionally

くゎ

Kwā

まーるけーてぃ

mārukēti,

うや

uya

nu

加勢かしーしーが

kashīshīga

ちゅん。

ichun.

くゎまーるけーてぃうや加勢かしーしーが ちゅん。

Kwā mārukēti, uya nu kashīshīga ichun.

子供

Kodomo

wa

たまに

tamani,

oya

no

手伝い

tetsudai

ni

行く。

iku.

子供 は たまに、 親 の 手伝い に 行く。

Kodomo wa tamani, oya no tetsudai ni iku.

The kid occasionally goes to help his/her parent.

ちゃーき (chāki) 直ぐ (sugu) Already

くぬ

Kunu

くるま

kurumā

ちゃーき

chāki,

けーやんでぃとーんたん。

kēyanditōntan.

くぬ くるまちゃーき、 けーやんでぃとーんたん。

Kunu kurumā chāki, kēyanditōntan.

この

Kono

kuruma

wa

直ぐ

sugu,

壊れて

kowarete

しまっていた。

shimatteita.

この 車 は 直ぐ、 壊れて しまっていた。

Kono kuruma wa sugu, kowarete shimatteita.

This car broke already.

やがてぃ (yagati) やがて Shortly

やがてぃ

Yagati,

太陽てぃだ

tida

nu

てぃゆしが、

utiyushiga,

御所うんじょ

unjuō

ーん。

kūn.

やがてぃ太陽てぃだてぃゆしが、 御所うんじょーん。

Yagati, tida nu utiyushiga, unjuō kūn.

やがて

Yagate,

太陽

taiyō

ga

落ちるが、

ochiruga,

あなた

anata

wa

こない。

konai.

やがて、 太陽 が 落ちるが、 あなた は こない。

Yagate, taiyō ga ochiruga, anata wa konai.

The sun will disappear shortly, but you are not here.

未だ (nāda) まだ (mada) Yet

彼女あり

Ariga

ちもー

chimō

なー

nāda,

のーらん。

nōran.

彼女ありちもー なーのーらん。

Ariga chimō nāda, nōran.

彼女

Kanojo

no

機嫌

kigen

wa

まだ

mada,

直らない。

naoranai.

彼女 の 機嫌 は まだ、 直らない。

Kanojo no kigen wa mada, naoranai.

Her mood has yet to become better.

ちゃー (chā) いつも (itsumo) Always

あま

Ama

nu

いのー

inō

ちゃー

chā,

あびとーん。

abitōn.

あま ぬ いのー ちゃー、 あびとーん。

Ama nu inō chā, abitōn.

あそこ

Asoko

no

inu

wa

いつも、

itsumo,

吠えている。

hoeteiru.

あそこ の 犬 は いつも、 吠えている。

Asoko no inu wa itsumo, hoeteiru.

The dog over there is always barking.

ちゅてーや (chutēya)
  • 少しは (sukoshiwa)
  • ちょっとは (chottowa)
A little

ちゅてーや

Chutēya,

っちょーきよー。

matchōkiyō.

ちゅてーやっちょーきよー。

Chutēya, matchōkiyō.

少しは

Sukoshiwa,

待っておいてよ。

matteoiteyo.

少しは、 待っておいてよ。

Sukoshiwa, matteoiteyo.

Wait a little.

あっとぅむす (attumusu) 急に (kyūni) Suddenly

どぅし

Dushi

nu

あっとぅむす

attumusu,

はっょーたんどー。

hachōtandō.

どぅし ぬ あっとぅむす、 はっょーたんどー。

Dushi nu attumusu, hachōtandō.

友達

Tomodachi

ga

急に

kyūni,

来ていたよ。

kiteitayo.

友達 が 急に、 来ていたよ。

Tomodachi ga kyūni, kiteitayo.

My friend suddenly came.

まるひーじーや (maruhījīya) 普段は (fudanwa) Normally

とぅない

Tunai

nu

三郎主さんだーすー

Sandāsū

ya

まるひーじーや

maruhījīya

んてぃどぅゆる。

nintidūyuru.

とぅない三郎主さんだーすーまるひーじーや んてぃどぅゆる。

Tunai nu Sandāsū ya maruhījīya nintidūyuru.

Tonari

no

三郎爺は

Sandā-jī

普段は

fudanwa

寝ている。

neteiru.

隣 の 三郎爺は 普段は 寝ている。

Tonari no Sandā-jī fudanwa neteiru.

Sanda is normally sleeping.

いっとぅちゃー (ittuchā) しばらくは (shibarakuwa) A little while

いっとぅちゃー

Ittuchā,

門口じょーぐち

jōguchi

んじ

nji

っちょーけー。

matchōkē.

いっとぅちゃー門口じょーぐち んじ っちょーけー。

Ittuchā, jōguchi nji matchōkē.

しばらくは

Shibarakuwa,

mon

de

待っておけ。

matteoke.

しばらくは、 門 で 待っておけ。

Shibarakuwa, mon de matteoke.

Wait at the gate a little while.

Quantity
いふぃ (ifi) 少し (sukoshi) A little

三郎さんだー

Sandā,

いふぇー

ifē,

やー

たまし

tamashi

から

kara

きてぃとぅらせー。

wakititurasē.

三郎さんだーいふぇーやー たまし から きてぃとぅらせー。

Sandā, ifē, yā tamashi kara wakititurasē.

三郎、

Sandā,

少し

sukoshi

wa

kimi

no

bun

から

kara

分けてくれ。

waketekure.

三郎、 少し は 君 の 分 から 分けてくれ。

Sandā, sukoshi wa kimi no bun kara waketekure.

Sanda, please share a little bit of yours.

ちゃっさきー (chassakī) 沢山 (takusan) Many, a lot of

御主前うすめー

Usumē

ya

やま

yama

から

kara

ちゃっさきー

chassakī,

たむん

tamun,

ぇーん。

muchichēn.

御主前うすめーやま から ちゃっさきーたむんぇーん。

Usumē ya yama kara chassakī, tamun, muchichēn.

お爺さん

Ojī-san

wa

yama

から

kara

沢山

takusan,

maki

wo

持ってきてある。

mottekitearu.

お爺さん は 山 から 沢山、 薪 を 持ってきてある。

Ojī-san wa yama kara takusan, maki wo mottekitearu.

The old man brought a lot of firewood.

はてぃるか (hatiruka) 随分 (zuibun) A lot

昨日ちぬー

Chinū

ya

はてぃるか

hatiruka,

っちゃん。

atchan.

昨日ちぬーはてぃるかっちゃん。

Chinū ya hatiruka, atchan.

昨日

Kinō

wa

随分

zuibun,

歩いた。

aruita.

昨日 は 随分、 歩いた。

Kinō wa zuibun, aruita.

I walked a lot yesterday.

ぐゎさない (gwasanai) わんさか (wansaka) Abundant

我達わったー

Wattā

はる

haru

んかい

nkai

ya

うーじぇー

ūjē

ぐゎさない

gwasanai,

まんどーんどー。

mandōndō.

我達わったー はる んかい や うーじぇー ぐゎさない、 まんどーんどー。

Wattā haru nkai ya ūjē gwasanai, mandōndō.

私達

Watashitachi

no

hatake

ni

wa

砂糖黍

satōkibi

wa

わんさか

wansaka

あるよ。

aruyo.

私達 の 畑 に は 砂糖黍 は わんさか あるよ。

Watashitachi no hatake ni wa satōkibi wa wansaka aruyo.

We have abundant sugar cane in our farm.

  • 満っちゃきー (mitchakī)
  • 満っちゃかー (mitchakā)
一杯 (ippai) A lot

んむ

Nmu

やれー、

yarē,

しんめーん

shinmēn

なーび

nābi

んかい

nkai

っちゃきー

mitchakī

っちゃかー)、

(mitchakā),

あんどー。

andō.

んむ やれー、 しんめーん なーび んかい っちゃきーっちゃかー)、 あんどー。

Nmu yarē, shinmēn nābi nkai mitchakī (mitchakā), andō.

Imo

なら

nara

大鍋

ōnabe

に、

ni,

一杯

ippai,

あるよ。

aruyo.

芋 なら 大鍋 に、 一杯、 あるよ。

Imo nara ōnabe ni, ippai, aruyo.

We have a lot of potatoes in the big pot.

ゆっかりうっさ (yukkariussa) 随分 (zuibun) A lot

糸満いくまん

Ikuman

んかい

nkai

ya

ちゅかーぎ

churakāgi

nu

ゆっかりうっさ

yukkariussa,

uyu

んでぃ。

ndi.

糸満いくまん んかい や ちゅかーぎゆっかりうっさゆ んでぃ。

Ikuman nkai ya churakāgi nu yukkariussa, uyu ndi.

糸満

Itoman

ni

wa

美人

bijin

ga

随分

zuibun,

いる

iru

そうだ。

sōda.

糸満 に は 美人 が 随分、 いる そうだ。

Itoman ni wa bijin ga zuibun, iru sōda.

I heard that there are a lot of beautiful women in Itoman.

うすまさ (usumasa) 恐ろしく (osoroshiku) Extremely, a lot of

がじゃんびら

Gajanbira

んかい

nkai

ya

うすまさ

usumasa,

がじゃん

gajan

nu

ゆた

uyuta

んでぃ。

ndi.

がじゃんびら んかい や うすまさ、 がじゃん ぬ ゆた んでぃ。

Gajanbira nkai ya usumasa, gajan nu uyuta ndi.

ガジャンビラ

Gajanbira

ni

wa

恐ろしく

osoroshiku,

ka

ga

いた

ita

そうだ。

sōda.

ガジャンビラ に は 恐ろしく、 蚊 が いた そうだ。

Gajanbira ni wa osoroshiku, ka ga ita sōda.

I heard that there were a lot of mosquitoes in Gajanbira.

まんたきー (mantakī) 一杯 (ippai) Full, a lot

みじ

Mijī

まんたきー

mantakī,

りてぃ、

iriti,

たじらしよー。

dajirashiyō.

みじまんたきーりてぃ、 たじらしよー。

Mijī mantakī, iriti, dajirashiyō.

Mizu

wa

一杯

ippai,

入れて、

irete,

焚いてね。

taitene.

水 は 一杯、 入れて、 焚いてね。

Mizu wa ippai, irete, taitene.

Put full of water and heat it.

なーふぃん (nāfin) もっと (motto) More

くぬ

Kunu

yu

んかい

nkai

みじぇー

mijē,

なーふぃん

nāfin,

んべーてぃくぃれー。

nbētikwirē.

くぬ んかい みじぇーなーふぃん、 んべーてぃくぃれー。

Kunu yu nkai mijē, nāfin, nbētikwirē.

この

Kono

お湯

oyu

ni

mizu

wo

もっと

motto,

足してくれ。

tashitekure.

この お湯 に 水 を もっと、 足してくれ。

Kono oyu ni mizu wo motto, tashitekure.

Add more water to this hot water.

軽ってんぐゎ (kattengwa) 少しだけ (sukoshidake) A little

今日ちゅー

Chiyū

nu

持飯むちばん

muchiban

めーや

mēya

ってんぐゎ

kattengwa,

りてぃとぅらせー。

irititurasē.

今日ちゅー持飯むちばん めーや ってんぐゎりてぃとぅらせー。

Chiyū nu muchiban mēya kattengwa, irititurasē.

今日

Kyō

no

弁当

bentō

wa

少しだけ

sukoshidake,

入れてちょうだい。

iretechōdai.

今日 の 弁当 は 少しだけ、 入れてちょうだい。

Kyō no bentō wa sukoshidake, iretechōdai.

Please give me just a little for today's bento box.

Degree
でーじな (dējina) 大変 (taihen) Very

御所うんじゅ

Unju

ga

三線さんしん

sanshin

nu

かー

ya

でーじな

dējina,

上等じょーとー

jōtō

やんやー。

yan'yā

御所うんじゅ三線さんしんかーでーじな上等じょーとー やんやー。

Unju ga sanshin nu kā ya dējina, jōtō yan'yā

あなた

Anata

no

三味線

shamisen

no

kawa

wa

大変

taihen,

上等

jōtō

ですね。

desune.

あなた の 三味線 の 皮 は 大変、 上等 ですね。

Anata no shamisen no kawa wa taihen, jōtō desune.

The leather of your shamisen is expensive.

じまま (jimama) 随分 (zuibun) Fairly, quite

んねー

Wannē

若さいに

wakasainī

ーや

ya

じまま

jimama,

勉強びんちょー

binchō

しゃん。

shan.

んねー 若さいに ーや じまま勉強びんちょー しゃん。

Wannē wakasainī ya jimama, binchō shan.

Watashi

wa

若い頃

wakaikoro

は、

wa,

随分

zuibun,

勉強

benkyō

した。

shita.

私 は 若い頃 は、 随分、 勉強 した。

Watashi wa wakaikoro wa, zuibun, benkyō shita.

When I was young, I used to study quite a lot.

よねー (yonē) そんなには (sonnaniwa) Not too much

今度くんどぅ

Kundu

nu

正月しょーぐゎち

shōgwachi

e

よねー

yonē,

ゆくららんさー。

yukuraransā.

今度くんどぅ正月しょーぐゎちよねー、 ゆくららんさー。

Kundu nu shōgwachi e yonē, yukuraransā.

今度

Kondo

no

正月

shōgatsu

は、

wa,

そんなには

sonnaniwa,

休めないな。

yasumenaina.

今度 の 正月 は、 そんなには、 休めないな。

Kondo no shōgatsu wa, sonnaniwa, yasumenaina.

I cannot rest too much during this New Year's celebration.

いーるく (īruku) 良く (yoku) Often
  • くぬ海んじえ いーるくういじゅんどー。

Kunu umi nji e īruku, uijundō.

  • この海では、良く、泳ぐよ。

Kono umi de wa, yoku, oyoguyo.

  • I often swim in this ocean.
にりるか (niriruka) うんざりするほど (unzarisuruhodo) To a sickening degree
  • 昨日ちぬーや にりるかにー、かやーちゃん。

Chinū ya niriruka, nī, kayāchan.

  • 昨日は、うんざりするほど、荷を運んだ。

Kinō wa, unzarisuruhodo, ni wo hokonda.

  • I carried luggage to a sickening degree yesterday.
わじるか (wajiruka) 怒るほど (okoruhodo) To the extent someone gets irritated
  • 次郎じらーが ちゅくたる書類や 課長かちょーが わじるか間違ばっぺーとーたん。

Jirā ga chukutaru shorui ya kachō ga wajiruka, bappētōtan.

  • 次郎が作った書類は課長が怒るほど、間違っていた。

Jirā ga tsukutta shorui wa kachō ga okoruhodo, machigetteita.

  • The documents that Jira made had so many errors that the department chief got irritated.
あいゆか (aiyuka) とても (totemo) Very
  • んねー あいゆかわたでぃ、ひらきとーたん。

Wannē aiyuka, wata nu yadi, hirakitōtan.

  • 私はとても、お腹が痛くて、しゃがんでいた。

Watashi wa totemo, onaka ga itakute, shagandeita.

  • I had a very bad stomach ache and was squatting down.
ゆくん (yukun) 余計 (yokei) Even more
  • いったーやっちいや ゆくん、ちじどぅやる。

Ittā yatchī ya yukun, chijiduyaru.

  • 君達の兄は余計、駄目だ。

Kimitachi no ani wa yokei, dame da.

  • Your brother is even worse.
たった (tatta) 余計 (yokei) Even more
  • 時間ぬちいねー、ありが やんめーや たったっさなゆんどー。

Jikan nu tachīnē, ari ga yanmē ya tatta, wassanayundō.

  • 時間が経てば、彼の病気は余計、悪くなるよ。

Jikan ga tateba, kare no byōki wa yokei, warukunaruyo.

  • If you wait longer, his illness will be even worse.
ちゅふぁーら (chufāra) 一杯 (ippai) Full, enough
  • むのー なー、ちゅふぁーらだん。

Munō nā, chufāra, kadan.

  • 食事はもう、一杯、食べた。

Shokuji wa mō, ippai, tabeta.

  • I have already had enough food
あんすかー (ansukā) それほどは (sorehodowa) Not so...
  • すーや 三線さんしんや あんすかー上手じょーじえあらん。

Sū ya sanshin ya ansukā, jōji earan.

  • お父さんは三味線はそれほどは、上手ではない。

Otō-san wa shamisen sorehodowa jōzu dewanai.

  • Father is not so good at shamisen.
散ん散んとぅ (chinchintu) 散り散りに (chirijirini) Dispersed, scattered
  • くまぬまんぐらー んとぅどぅ、やーやーたる。

Kuma nu mangurā chinchintu du, yā yātaru.

  • この辺りは散り散りに家がなった。

Kono atari wa chirijirini ie ga natta.

  • Houses were scattered in this area.
Situation
早く (hēku) 早く (hayaku) Quickly
  • 今日ちゅーや へーてぃとぅらしよー。

Chū ya hēku, sutiturashiyō.

  • 今日は早く、集まってくれよ。

Kyō wa hayaku, atsumattekureyo.

  • Please gather quickly today.
ようんなー (younnā) ゆっくり (yukkuri) Slowly
  • むのーあわ慌てぃらんようい、ようんなーめー。

Munō awatiran'youi, younnā, kamē.

  • 食事は慌てず、ゆっくり、食べよ。

Shokuji wa awatezu, yukkuri, tabeyo.

  • Don't rush when you eat, eat slowly.
なんくる (nankuru) 自ずと (onozuto) Naturally
  • とーないねー、なんくる、じんぶんぬん じてぃゅーさに。

Tōnainē, nankuru, jinbunmen njitichūsani.

  • いざとなれば、自ずと、知恵も出てくるだろう。

Iza to nareba, onozuto, chie mo detekuru darō.

  • When the time comes, ideas will automatically come to our minds.
ゆったいくゎったい (yuttaikwattai) どんぶらこと (donburakoto) Adverb for something heavy floating down on water
  • かーういはたから まぎむむぬ ゆったいくゎったいるーりてぃゃん。

Kā nu ui nu hata kara magi mumu nu yuttaikwattai, rūritichan.

  • 川の上の方から大きな桃がどんぶらこと、流れて来た。

Kawa no ue no hō kara ōkina momo ga donburakoto, nagaretekita.

  • A giant peach came floating down the river.
なぐりなぐりとぅ (nagurinaguritu) なごりなごりと (nagorinagorito) Reluctantly, Nostalgically
  • なぐりなぐりとぅ、別りぬ挨拶えーさちすん。

Nagurinaguritu, wakari nu ēsachi sun.

  • なごりなごりと、別れの挨拶をする。

Nagorinagorito, wakare no aisatsu wo suru.

  • We said goodbye reluctantly.
しんじんとぅ (shinjintu) しみじみと (shimijimito) Nostalgically
  • しんじんとぅ、節歌やてぃん、歌てぃんだ。

Shinjintu, fushiuta yatin, utatinda.

  • しみじみと、節歌でも、歌ってみよう。

Shimijimito, fushiuta demo, utattemiyō.

  • Let's sing a traditional song nostalgically.
次第次第 (shidēshidē) 次第に (shidaini) Gradually
  • 太陽てぃだー 西いりーんかい 次第次第しでーしでーてぃてぃ行ちゅん。

Tidā irī nkai shidēshidē, utitīchun.

  • 太陽は西へ次第に、沈んで行く。

Taiyō wa nishi he shidaini, shizundeiku.

  • The sun gradually sets to the west.
ちゅらーさ (churāsa) 残らず (nokorazu) Completely
  • がらさーぬ ちりぶくるちゅらーさ、きざあちねーらん。

Garasā nu chiribukuru, churāsa, kizāchinēran.

  • 烏がゴミ袋を、残らず、漁ってしまった。

Karasu ga gomibukuro, nokorazu, asatteshimatta.

  • The crows completely rummaged through the garbage bags.
どぅく (duku) あまりにも (amarinimo) Too much, excessively
  • どぅく、ゆくしびけー、しーねー、ばちかんじゅん。

Duku, yukushi bikē, shīnē, bachi, kanjun.

  • あまりにも、嘘ばかりついたら、罰が当たる。

Amarinimo, uso bakari tsuitara, batsu ga ataru.

  • If you tell too many lies, you will incur divine punishment.
だんだんだんだん (dandandandan) 段々 (dandan) Gradually
  • なーふぁんそーうとぅお だんだんだんだん、ましなとおん。

Nā fansō nu utu o dandandandan, mashinatōn.

  • あなたの笛の音は段々、良くなっている。

Anata no fue no oto wa dandan, yokunatteiru.

  • You are gradually becoming better at playing flute.
次第に (shidēni) 次第に (shidaini) Gradually
  • いがろうん、次第しでえとぅしとぅたんやあ。

Igaroun, shidēni, tushi, tutan'yā.

  • 我々も次第に歳を取ったね。

Wareware mo shidaini toshi wo totta ne.

  • We have gradually gotten old.
どぅくだら (dukudara) ひどく (hidoku) Badly
  • どぅくだら、ひみちしいねえ、医者いさんかい診しらんでえ。

Dukudara, himichi shīnē, isa nkai mishirandē.

  • ひどく、せき込んだら、医者に診せないと。

Hidoku, seki kondara, isha ni misenaito.

  • If you start to cough badly, you have to go see a doctor.
まっすぐ (massugu) まっすぐ (massugu) Straight
  • くまから あまんかい まっすぐ、行ちいねえ、海んかいじゆん。

Kuma kara ama nkai massugu, ichīnē, umi nkai njiyun.

  • ここからあそこへ、まっすぐ、行くと、海に出る。

Koko kara asoko he, massugu, ikuto, umi ni deru.

  • If you go straight from there, you will see the ocean.
まっとうば (mattouba) 正しく (tadashiku) Correctly
  • なーや 沖縄口うちなーぐちぇー まっとうば使ちかりよお。

Nā ya uchināguchē mattouba, chikariyō.

  • 君は沖縄語を正しく使ってよ。

Kimi wa okinawago wo tadashiku tsukatteyo.

  • Please use Okinawan correctly.
だってぃどぅ (dattidu) ちゃんと (chanto) Properly
  • やーや だってぃどぅちゅくゆんどお。

Yā ya dattidu, chukuyundō.

  • 家はちゃんと、作るんだよ。

Ie wa chanto, tsukurundayo.

  • You must build a house properly.
だてん (daten) きちんと (kichinto) Neatly
  • あんまあや 今日ちゅうや だてん、すがとおん。

Anmā ya chū ya daten, sugatōn.

  • 母は今日はきちんと、身なりを整えている。

Haha wa kyō wa kichinto, minari wo totonoeteiru.

  • My mother has dressed neatly today.
さっぱっとぅ (sappattu) さっぱり (sappari) Freshly
  • 断髪だんぱちさあに、さっぱっとぅ、そおん。

Danpachi sāni, sappattu, sōn.

  • 散髪をして、さっぱりしている。

Sanbatsu wo shite, sappari shiteiru.

  • Looking fresh after a haircut.
しかっとぅ (shikattu) しっかり (shikkari) Carefully
  • うやし、しかっとぅちょうきよお。

Uya nu yushi, shikattu, chichoukiyō.

  • 親の言うことをしっかり、聞いておけよ。

Oya no iukoto wo shikkari, kiiteokeyo.

  • Listen to your parents carefully.
うかっとぅお (ukattuo) うかつには (ukatsuniwa) Thoughtlessly, carelessly
  • あんしん、試験ー、うかっとぅお、受きららん。

Anshin, shikennō, ukattuo, ukiraran.

  • それでも、試験はうかつには受けられない。

Soredemo, shiken wa ukatsuniwa ukerarenai.

  • You cannot take the exam thoughtlessly.
たった (tatta) 余計 (yokei) Even more
  • うぬやんめーや にじいねえ、たったっさなゆんどお。

Unu yanmē ya nijīnē, tatta, wassanayundō.

  • その病気は我慢すると、余計、悪くなるよ。

Sono byōki wa gaman suru to, yokei, warukunaruyo.

  • If you endure your illness too much, it will get even worse.
Adverbs that shows judgement
Okinawan Japanese English Example
Assumption
むし (mushi) もし (moshi) If

むし

Mushi,

言いばっぺえしいねえ、

ībappēshīnē,

如何いちゃ

icha

すか。

suka.

むし、 言いばっぺえしいねえ、 如何いちゃ すか。

Mushi, ībappēshīnē, icha suka.

もし

Moshi,

言い間違えたら、

iimachigaetara,

どう

するか。

suruka.

もし、 言い間違えたら、 どう するか。

Moshi, iimachigaetara, dō suruka.

What would we do if we said something wrong.

たとぅい (tatui) 例え (tatoe) Even if

たとぅい

Tatui,

大風うふかじ

ufukaji

nu

吹ちん、

fuchin,

くぬ

kunu

やあ

ya

とおおりらん。

tōoriran.

たとぅい大風うふかじ ぬ 吹ちん、 くぬ やあとおおりらん。

Tatui, ufukaji nu fuchin, kunu yā ya tōoriran.

例え

Tatoe,

大風

ōkaze

ga

吹いても、

fuitemo,

この

kono

ie

wa

倒れない。

taorenai.

例え、 大風 が 吹いても、 この 家 は 倒れない。

Tatoe, ōkaze ga fuitemo, kono ie wa taorenai.

Even if a strong wind blew, this house will not fall down.

例れー (taturē) 例えば (tatoeba) For example, if you compare

例れー

Taturē,

沖縄うちなー

Uchinā

ya

大和やまとぅ

Yamatu

nu

ハワイ

Hawai

やさ。

yasa.

例れー沖縄うちなー大和やまとぅ ぬ ハワイ やさ。

Taturē, Uchinā ya Yamatu nu Hawai yasa.

例えば

Tatoteba

沖縄

Okinawa

wa

日本

Nihon

no

ハワイ

Hawai

さ。

sa.

例えば 沖縄 は 日本 の ハワイ さ。

Tatoteba Okinawa wa Nihon no Hawai sa.

If you compare, Okinawa is like Japan's Hawaii.

Supposition
いやりん (iyarin) きっと(いかにも) (kitto (ikanimo)) Indeed, surely

いやりん

Iyarin,

くぬ

kunu

すーさー

sūsā

ya

山原やんばる

yanbaru

くぇーな

kwēna

どぅ

du

やさに。

yasani.

いやりん、 くぬ すーさー山原やんばる くぇーな どぅ やさに。

Iyarin, kunu sūsā ya yanbaru kwēna du yasani.

きっと

Kitto

(いかにも)

(ikanimo),

この

kono

tori

wa

山原

yanbaru

クイナ

kuina

なの

nano

だろうか。

darōka.

きっと (いかにも)、 この 鳥 は 山原 クイナ なの だろうか。

Kitto (ikanimo), kono tori wa yanbaru kuina nano darōka.

Surely this bird must be an Okinawa rail.

まさか (masaka) まさか (masaka) No way, no idea, unlikely, it is impossible that...

まさか

Masaka,

ちゅ

chu

しま

shima

んかい

nkai

従弟いちく

ichiku

nu

しまゆ

shimayu

んでー、

ndē,

うまーんたん。

umāntan.

まさか、 ちゅ しま んかい 従弟いちく ぬ しまゆ んでー、 うまーんたん。

Masaka, chu shima nkai ichiku nu shimayu ndē, umāntan.

まさか

Masaka,

同じ

onaji

mura

ni

従弟

itoko

ga

住んでいる

sundeiru

とは

towa

思わなかった。

omowanakatta.

まさか、 同じ 村 に 従弟 が 住んでいる とは 思わなかった。

Masaka, onaji mura ni itoko ga sundeiru towa omowanakatta.

I had no idea that my cousin lived in the same village.

むしや (mushiya) もしや (moshiya) By chance
  • むしや、うんじょー わんとぅちるめーや あらに。
  • もしや、あなたは私と同じ歳ではないだろうか。
  • Are you as old as I am by any chance?
むしか (mushika) もしや (moshiya) Perhaps
  • むしか今頃なまぐる我事わあくとぅ心配しわしえらんさに。
  • もしや、今頃、私のことを心配していないだろうな。
  • Perhaps, they might be worried about me now.
まさか (masaka) まさか (masaka) No way, no idea, unlikely, it is impossible that...
  • まさか今日ちゅうや うまちいんでえ うまあんたん。

Masaka chūya umachī ndē umāntan

  • まさか、今日はウマチーとは思わなかった。
  • I had no idea that today was the festival day.
あたまに (atamani) ほんとに (hontoni) Really (intensifier)
  • あたまに今日ちゅうや あちさっさあやあ。
  • ほんとに、今日は暑いねえ。
  • It's really hot today.
Wish
どうでぃん (doudin) どうか (dōka) Please
  • どうでぃんわあが 御願うにげえ、ちたぼうり。
  • どうか、私のお願いを聞いてください。
  • Please could you do me a favor?
たんでぃ (tandi) どうぞ (dōzo) Please
  • たんでぃわんにんかい みじまちくぃみそおれえ。
  • どうぞ、私に水を飲ましてください。
  • Please let me drink some water.
必じ (kannaji) 必ず (kanarazu) Always, have to
  • 二男じなぬうや かんな、サッカー部んかい ゆんでぃ。
  • 二男は必ず、サッカー部に入るんだと。
  • The second oldest son has to join the soccer team.
如何しん (chāshin) どうしても (dōshitemo) Have to, at any cost
  • あぬ映画えいぐゎ如何ちゃあしんじいぶしゃん。
  • あの映画をどうしても、見たい。
  • I want to watch the movie at any cost.
Doubt
如何し (chāshi) どうやって (dōyatte) How
  • くぬパソコンや 如何ちゃあんじゅかすが。
  • このパソコンはどうやって、動かすのか。
  • How do you use this computer?
みったい (mittai) 一体 (ittai) Really
  • みったい、うんじゅおー、我どぅ うせえとおるい。
  • 一体、あなたは私を馬鹿にしているのか。
  • Really, are you making fun of me?
あんすか (ansuka) そんなに (sonnani) So much, really
  • くしぬあばあや あんすか歌上手うたじょうじいやんなあ。
  • 後隣りのあ姉さんはそんなに、歌が上手なのか。
  • Is the lady next door really good at singing?
何んち (nūnchi) 何故 (naze) Why
  • ぬうんちすうや 行かんが。
  • 何故、父は行かないか。
  • Why doesn't father want to go?
Denial or negation
あちらん (achiran) 一向に (ikkōni) Completely, at all
  • ちゃっさ、あさがちしん、あちらんめーあがちんならん。
  • いくら、焦っても、一向に、前に進むことも出来ない。
  • No matter how much we hurry, we cannot make any progress at all.
じょーい (jōi) 絶対 (zettai) Definitely
  • うぬ石ーわらびのーじょーいっちいゆさん。
  • この石は子供は絶対、持てない。
  • This rock, the child definitely cannot hold.
ちゃっさん (chassan) 度を超して (do o koshite) Go too far
  • ちゃっさんあしばんしえーまし。
  • 度を超して、遊ばない方が良い。
  • You should not go too far when you're playing.
いふぃん (ifin) 少しも (sukoshimo) At all
  • どぅく、いちゅなさぬ、いふぃん、ゆくららん。
  • あまりにも、忙しくて、少しも、休めない。
  • I'm so busy I cannot rest at all.
如何ん (chān) どうすることも (dōsurukotomo) Cannot do anything
  • じかじん かんくとぅ、如何ちゃー、ならん。
  • 言うことも聞かないから、どうすることも出来ない。
  • They don't listen, so I cannot do anything.
Decision
じゅんに (junni) 本当に (hontōni) Really, truly
  • くぬ三線さんしんや じゅんに秀物そうむんやっさー。
  • この三味線は本当に、立派なものだな。
  • This is a truly amazing Sanshin.
必じ (kannaji) 必ず (kanarazu) Definitely
  • んねーかんな御所うんじゅとぅくるんかい 行ちゃん。
  • 私は必ず、あなたの所に行く。
  • I will definitely go to your place.
うん如おりー (ungutuorī) そのような事 (sonoyōnakoto) Such a thing
  • うんぐとーりーや 当いめーなかい、たーがん なゆん。
  • そのような事は、当然、誰にでもできる。
  • Anybody can do such a thing.
Others
いちゃんだん (ichandan) むやみに (muyamini) Recklessly
  • んかしちょいちゃんだん、戦、そーたん。
  • 昔の人はむやみに戦争をしていた。
  • People used to recklessly start wars in the past.
うったてぃ (uttati) わざと (wazato) On purpose
  • あんぐゎーなかい だりーんねーし、二歳にーせーうったてぃ、どぅげーりゆたん。
  • 女の子に見られようと、青年はわざと、転びよった。
  • The boy fell on purpose so that the girl would notice him.
なー () もう () Already
  • ちゃこーなー、いたん。
  • お客さんはもう、行ってしまった。
  • The guests are already gone.

Prenominal adjectives (連体詞)

Prenominal adjectives (連体詞)
Prenominal adjectives are classified the same as adverbs, except instead of modifying a declinable word, it modifies a substantive (体言; nouns and pronouns).
Okinawan Japanese English
いぃー () 良い (ii) good

Conjunctions (接続詞)

Conjunctions (接続詞)
Conjunctions are classified as an independent, non-conjugating part of speech that connects words coming after to words coming before.
Okinawan Japanese English
あんさびーくとぅ (ansabīkutu) そういうわけですから (sō iu wake desukara) "For that reason"
あんし (anshi)
  • それで (sorede)
  • それから (sorekara)
"And then"
やくとぅ (yakutu) だから (dakara) "So"
やしが (yashiga)
  • しかし (shikashi)
  • そうではあるが (sōde wa aruga)
"But"

Interjections and exclamations (感動詞)

Interjections and exclamations (感動詞)
Interjections are classified as an independent, non-conjugating part of speech, where it does not modify or connect anything, and other words may not come after it.
Okinawan Japanese English Notes
あい (ai) おや (oya) Oh / wow 驚きの気持ちを表す

Expression of surprise

あきさみよー (akisamiyō) あらまあ (aramā) Oh dear Expression of dismay, concern, or worry
あきとーなー (akitōnā) おやまあ (oyamā) Oh dear 失敗した時や驚いた時などに発する

Expression of dismay, concern, or worry

うー (ū) はい (hai) Yes Honorific "yes"
  • あいびらん (aibiran)
  • をぅーをぅー (wūwū)
いいえ (īe) No 目上の人に対して用いる

Honorific "no"

だー ()
  • おい (oi)
  • どれ (dore)
  • ほら (hora)
Hey
とー ()
  • ほら (hora)
  • よし (yoshi)
All right Expression of pleasure, joy, or permission
とーとー (tōtō)
  • よしよし (yoshiyoshi)
  • ほらほら (horahora)
はっさみよー (hassamiyō) おやまあ (oyamā) Oh dear 呆れ返った時などに発する語
んちゃ (ncha)
  • なるほど (naruhodo)
  • やっぱり (yappari)
  • 予定通りだ (yoteidōrida)
Sure enough, As I expected

Verbs (動詞)

Verbs are classified as an independent, conjugating part of speech that shows movements. The conclusive form ends in ん (n).

Adjectives (形容詞)

Adjectives are classified as an independent, conjugating part of speech that shows property or state. The conclusive form ends in さん (san).

(存在動詞)

存在動詞 are classified as an independent, conjugating part of speech that shows existence or decision of a certain thing. やん (yan) attaches to a substantive.

Adjectival verbs (形容動詞)

Adjectival verbs are classified as an independent, conjugating part of speech that shows the state of existence of events. やん (yan) attaches to words that shows state.

Auxiliary verbs (助動詞)

Auxiliary verbs (助動詞)
Auxiliary verbs are classified as a dependent, conjugating part of speech that makes up the meanings of conjugated words. The conclusive form ends in ん (n).
Okinawan Japanese English Example
  • あぎーん (agīn)
  • あぎゆん (agiyun)
しつつある (shitsutsuaru)
ぎさん (gisan) そうだ (sōda)
ぐとーん (gutōn) のようだ (noyōda)
  • しみゆん (shimiyun)
  • すん (sun)
させる (saseru)
ぶさん (busan) したい (shitai) want to
みしぇーびーん (mishēbīn) なさいます (nasaimasu)
みしぇーん (mishēn) なさる (nasaru)
ゆーすん (yūsun) ことができる (kotogadekiru) be able to
  • りゆん (riyun)
  • りーん (rīn)
  • れる (reru)
  • られる (rareru)

Particles (助詞)

Particles (助詞)
Case markers (格助詞)
Attaches to a substantive and marks the relationship between other words.
Okinawan Japanese Notes/English Example
  • (nu)
  • (ga)
(ga) Nominative case.
Normally ぬ (nu), but が (ga) is used for pronouns and names.
  • いんあびゆん。わああびゆん。
  • 吠える。私喋る。
(nu) (no) Genitive case; possessor.
  • うわーししみーねー、からだんかいましやん。
  • 肉を食べると体に良い。
Ø (Archaic: (yu)) (wo) Accusative case.
Modern Okinawan does not use a direct object particle, like casual Japanese speech. "yu" exists mainly in old literary composition.
っし (sshi) (de) Instrumental case; the means by which something is achieved.
  • バスっし ()ちゃびら。
  • バス行こう。
  • Let's go by bus.
さーに (sāni)
  • 沖縄口 (うちなーぐち)さーに手紙 (てぃがみ) ()ちゃん。
  • 沖縄語手紙を書いた。
  • I wrote the letter in Okinawan.
なかい (nakai)・んかい (nkai) (e)・に (ni) Dative case; indirect object, benefactor, goal of motion. 手段・方法
  • 沖縄 (うちなー)んかいめんそーれー!
  • 沖縄へようこそ!
  • Welcome to Okinawa!
をぅとーてぃ (wutōti)・をぅてぃ (wuti) Locative case; marks the location where an action takes place, usually pertaining to an animate subject. Derives from the participle form of the verb をぅん wun "to be, to exist".
  • くまをぅとーてぃ (ゆくぃ) ()さん。
  • ここ休みたい。
  • I want to rest (at) here.
やか (yaka) より (yori) "as much as"; upper limit
  • (あり)やか大和口 (やまとぅぐち)ぬ上手 (じょおじ)やあらん。
  • より日本語が上手ではない。
  • My Japanese isn't as good as his.
から (kara) から (kara) Ablative case; source, cause. 起点
なーりー (nārī) 場所・位置
んじ (nji) (de) 場所
(n) 所属等
ぬ→「〜している」「〜である」「〜い・しい」pp459.
とぅ (tu) (to) 相手
んでぃ (ndi) (to) Quotative.
(ni) 時・場所等
Adverbial Particles (副助詞)
Okinawan Japanese Notes/English Example
びけー (bikē) だけ (dake)
びけーん (bikēn) ばかり (bakari) "only; limit"
  • ローマ字 ()びけーんぬ書物 (すむち)
  • ローマ字ばかりの書物。
  • A romaji only book.
だき (daki) だけ (dake)
までぃ (madi) まで (made) "up to, until, as far as"
  • くぬ電車 (でんしゃ)あ、首里 (しゅい)までぃ ()ちゃびーん。帰 (けー)までぃ ()ちょーいびーん。
  • この電車は首里まで行く。帰るまで待つ。
  • This train goes as far as Shuri. I'll wait until you come home.
くれー (kurē) ぐらい (gurai) "around, about, approximately"
  • 十分 (じっぷん)くれーかかゆん。
  • 十分ぐらいかかる。
  • It will take about 10 minutes.
ふどぅ (fudu) ほど (hodo)
あたい (atai) ぐらい (gurai) as much as; upper limit.
  • うぬ建物 (たてぃむの)ー思 (うむ)ゆるあたい (たか)こーねーやびらん。
  • あの建物は思うぐらい高くないよ。
  • That building is not as tall as you imagine it to be.
んちょーん (nchōn) さえ (sae)
うっさ (ussa) だけ (dake)
うっぴ (uppi) だけ (dake)
  • ()んじ欲 ()しゃるうっぴ ()んでぃん済 ()まびいん。
  • 寝たいだけ寝ていいよ。
  • You can sleep as much as you want.
うひ (uhi) だけ (dake)
さく (saku) ほど (hodo)、だけ (dake)
Binding particles (係助詞)
Okinawan Japanese Notes/English Example
(ya) (wa) Topic particle for long vowels, proper nouns, or names.

For other nouns, the particle fuses with short vowels. a → ā, i → ē, u → ō, e → ē, o → ō, n → nō. Pronoun 我ん (wan?) (I) becomes topicalized as 我んねー (wannē?) instead of 我んのー (wannō?) or 我んや (wan'ya?), although the latter does appear in some musical or literary works.

あー (ā)
えー (ē)
おー (ō)
のー ()
(n) (mo) "Also"
やてぃん (yatin) でも (demo) "even, also in"
  • 宇宙 (うちゅー)からやてぃん万里 (まんり)ぬ長城 (ちょーじょー)ぬ見 ()いゆん。大和 (やまとぅ)やてぃんいんちりーん口 (ぐち)を勉強 (びんちょー)すん。
  • 万里の長城は宇宙からでも見れる。日本でも英語を習う
  • The Great Wall of China can even be seen from space. Also in Japan, we study English.
がん (gan) でも (demo)
ぬん (nun) でも (demo)
しか (shika) しか (shika)
てぃらむん (tiramun) たるもの (tarumono)
とぅか (tuka)
  • とか (toka)
  • (ya)
どぅ (du)
  • (zo)
  • こそ (koso)
(ru)
  • (zo)
  • こそ (koso)
Sentence-ending particles (終助詞)
Okinawan Japanese Notes/English Example
(ga)

やが (yaga)

(ka) Final interrogatory particle
(mi) (ka) Final interrogatory particle
(ni) 可否疑問
(i) 強調疑問
がやー (gayā) かな (kana)
さに (sani) だろう (darō)
なー () (no) Final particle expressing 問いかけ・念押し
ばー () 軽い疑問
どー ()
  • (zo)
  • (yo)
(yo) (yo)
ふー () 軽く言う
(na) (na) Prohibitive
(e) 命令
(sa) (sa)
でむね (demune) 断定
せー () 断定
Interjectory Particles (間投助詞)
Okinawan Japanese Notes/English Example
てー () (ne)
  • (yo)
  • よお ()
  • (ne)
  • (yo)
  • (ya)
  • やあ ()
  • (nu)
  • (yo)
なー () (ne)
さり (sari) ねえ ()
ひゃー (hyā) 意外、軽蔑
Conjunctive particles (接続助詞)

Prefixes (接頭語)

Suffixes (接尾語)

Others

Copula

Okinawan Past tense Japanese
  • あびーん (abīn)
  • いびーん (ibīn)
A[clarify] ます (masu)
です (desu)
やいびーん (yaibīn)
でーびる (dēbiru) A[clarify]
でございます (degozaimasu)

Question words (疑問詞)

Okinawan Japanese English
いくち (ikuchi) いくつ (ikutsu) "How much"
いち (ichi) いつ (itsu) "When"
じる (jiru) どれ (dore) "Which"
たー () (dare) "Who"
たったー (tattā) 誰々 (daredare) "Who" (plural)
ちゃー (chā) どう () "How" (in what way)
ちぁっさ (chassa)
  • どれだけ (doredake)
  • いくら (ikura)
"How much"
  • ちゃっぴ (chappi)
  • ちゃぬあたい (chanuatai)
どれほど (dorehodo) "How"
ちゃぬ (chanu)
  • どの (dono)
  • どのような (donoyōna)
"What kind"
ぬー () (nani) "What"
ぬーんち (nūnchi) どうして (dōshite) "Why"
まー () どこ (doko) "Where"

Syntax

The basic word order is subject–object–verb.

Okinawan is a marked nominative language (with the accusative being unmarked) that also shows minor active–stative variation in intransitive verbs relating to existence or emergence. In existence or emergence verbs, the subject may be optionally unmarked (except for pronouns and proper names, which must be marked with ga), and marked human subjects cannot use ga anymore, but rather always with the often-inanimate marker nu.

Example

Sample text in Standard Okinawan (Shuri-Naha dialect)

In Kanji

人間ー誰ん生まりやぎーなー自由やい、また、胴大切に思ゆる肝とぅ胴守らんでぃる肝ー、誰やてぃんゆぬ如授かとーるむんやん。人間ー元からいー矩ぬ備わとーくとぅ、互ーに兄弟やんでぃる考ーさーに事に当たらんだれーならん。(without ruby)

人間にんじのたーまりやぎーなー自由じゆやい、また、どぅー大切てーしちうむゆるちむとぅどぅーまむらんでぃるちもー、たーやてぃんゆぬぐとぅさじゃかとーるむんやん。人間にんじのむーとぅからいーかにすなわとーくとぅ、たげーに兄弟ちょーでーやんでぃるかんげーさーにくとぅたらんだれーならん。(with ruby)

Transliteration

Ninjinō tā n 'nmariyagīnā jiyu yai, mata, dū tēshichi ni umuyuru chimu tu dū mamurandiru chimō, tā yatin yunugutu sajakatōru mun yan. Ninjinō mūtu kara īka ni nu sunawatōkutu, tagē ni chōdēyandiru kangēsā ni kutu ni atarandarē naran. (UDHR Article 1)

See also


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