Orders of magnitude (molar concentration)
This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.
M denotes the non-SI unit molar:
- 1 M = 1 mol/L = 10−3 mol/m3.
All orders
Factor (Molarity) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
---|---|---|---|
10−24 | yM | 1.66 yM | 1 elementary entity per litre |
8.5 yM | airborne bacteria in the upper troposphere (5100/m3) | ||
10−23 | |||
10−22 | |||
10−21 | zM | 3.6 zM | solar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s) |
10−20 | 12 zM | radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L) | |
10−19 | 120 zM | indoor radon at the EPA's "action level" (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L) | |
686 zM | cosmic microwave background photons in outer space (413/cm3) | ||
10−18 | aM | ||
10−17 | |||
10−16 | |||
10−15 | fM | 2 fM | bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L) |
10−14 | 20 fM | virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L) | |
50–100 fM | gold in seawater | ||
10−13 | |||
10−12 | pM | 7.51–9.80 pM | normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L) |
10−11 | 10–100 pM | gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids | |
10−10 | 170 pM | upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting | |
10−9 | nM | 5 nM | inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3) |
10−8 | |||
10−7 | 101 nM | hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99) | |
10−6 | μM | ||
10−5 | |||
10−4 | 180–480 μM | normal range for uric acid in blood | |
570 μM | inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm) | ||
10−3 | mM | 0.32–32 mM | normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5) |
5.5 mM | upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting | ||
7.8 mM | upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating | ||
10−2 | cM | 20 mM | neutrinos during a supernova, 1 AU from the core (1058 over 10 s) |
44.6 mM | pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa | ||
10−1 | dM | 140 mM | sodium ions in blood plasma |
480 mM | sodium ions in seawater | ||
100 | M | 1 M | standard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity |
101 | daM | 17.5 M | pure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm3) |
40 M | pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L) | ||
55.5 M | pure water at 3.984 °C, temperature of its maximum density (1.0000 g/cm3) | ||
102 | hM | 118.8 M | pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3) |
140.5 M | pure copper at 25 °C (8.93 g/cm3) | ||
103 | kM | ||
104 | 24 kM | helium in the solar core (150 g/cm3 ⋅ 65%) | |
105 | |||
106 | MM | ||
107 | |||
108 | 122.2 MM | nuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M☉ progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3) | |
109 | GM | ||
1010 | |||
1011 | |||
1012 | TM | ||
1013 | |||
1014 | |||
1015 | PM | ||
1016 | |||
1017 | 228 PM | nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3) | |
1018 | EM | ||
... | |||
1077 | 3.9×1077 M | the Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume |
SI multiples
Submultiples | Multiples | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | SI symbol | Name | Value | SI symbol | Name |
10−1 M | dM | decimolar | 101 M | daM | decamolar |
10−2 M | cM | centimolar | 102 M | hM | hectomolar |
10−3 M | mM | millimolar | 103 M | kM | kilomolar |
10−6 M | μM | micromolar | 106 M | MM | megamolar |
10−9 M | nM | nanomolar | 109 M | GM | gigamolar |
10−12 M | pM | picomolar | 1012 M | TM | teramolar |
10−15 M | fM | femtomolar | 1015 M | PM | petamolar |
10−18 M | aM | attomolar | 1018 M | EM | examolar |
10−21 M | zM | zeptomolar | 1021 M | ZM | zettamolar |
10−24 M | yM | yoctomolar | 1024 M | YM | yottamolar |
10−27 M | rM | rontomolar | 1027 M | RM | ronnamolar |
10−30 M | qM | quectomolar | 1030 M | QM | quettamolar |
11.04 g/l is the concentration of sodium ions in water in other words. That’s 1.09% sodium ion!
The concentration of hydronium ions in pire water is 1.9 micrograms per liter. That’s 1.9 parts per billion of hydronium.
The normal range for hemoglobin molecules is 254.36 grams per liter or 20.27% hemoglobin. The concentration of pure water is 1 kilogram per liter or 50% water. Glacial acetic acid is 1.05 kilograms per liter or 51.2% acetic acid.